Essay on Does Antigone Deserve To Be Punished - 742 Words

Xiaoqing Shi Dr. Henry Bayerle Classics 102Q 25 November 2011 Does Antigone Deserve to Be Punished? Antigone has been acclaimed as a model that challenges authority and insists on just acts. However, according to Aristotle, a tragedy requires a man’s harmartia, which means error. Therefore, as a main character of a great tragedy, Antigone must possess flaws. Antigone’s self-certainty is one of her mistakes that contribute to her tragic fate. She regards burying dead people as absolute just behavior under any circumstance. This rite is important in Ancient Greek culture, but weather or not gods desire appropriate arrangement of Polyneices’ body is under question. It is Zeus that brings death to Polyneices because†¦show more content†¦The conditionality of burying the dead shows that gods’ law is less sacred for Antigone than she claims to be. Neither does she care about her living families. She humiliates Ismene publicly, causing Creon’s death indirectly and set her uncle Creon in a dilemma where he ne eds to punish his daughter-in-law. Her real incentive is individual reputation, for she excludes Ismene from standing by her and asks Ismene to spread the news about her defiant act. She seems to use religion and family as elegant reasons to achieve honor. On the contrary, Creon, as a king, weights the interest of the overall state more than his own family. After experiencing the civil war caused by Polyneices, he understands the great need of the polis for order and thus enacts harsh laws to punish people causing riots. Unanimous obedience to law would also encourage his people to fight bravely in the war by being â€Å"loyal and dauntless at his comrades’s side†. Creon has to retain the validity and effectiveness of the law, because if every citizen can pursue any personal interest without fear for grave consequences, the entire social operation mechanism would break down. Punishing Antigone is necessary to retain the order of the polis. If we assume that A ntigone’s action is absolutely just, her strategy to execute justice still lacks insight. She isolates herself by rejecting Ismene’s companionship. Nor does she mention her fiancà © Haemon in the play. HerShow MoreRelatedThe Four Main Characters In The Tragedy Of Antigone858 Words   |  4 Pagesfall. The main conflict of the story occurs between King Creon and Antigone. Creon’s decrees that Polyneices was a traitor who fought against his city and because of that, his body should not be buried and be left out in the open for the animals to do whatever they please. Antigone does not agree with Creon’s decree because Polyneices was her beloved brother who was the one being punished. Antigone argues that Polyneices deserves to be buried not only because he was family, but because he too foughtRead MoreCreon : The Tragic Hero In SophoclesAntigone886 Words   |  4 Pagesis clearly effective in Sophocles’ Antigone which is about a young woman’s will to do what is right by the Gods. Also, according to Aristotle, â€Å"a tragedy can arouse twin emotions of pity and fear only if it presents a certain type of hero or heroine who is neither completely good nor completely bad† (â€Å"What is† 739). He or she must also be â€Å"highly renowned and prosperous,† have a tragic flaw, learn a lesson, and suffer greatly (â€Å"What is† 739). Therefore, in Antigone by Sophocles, Creon is the tragicRead MoreAnalysis Of Civil Disobedience In Antigone1078 Words   |  5 Pagesbooks are getting in trouble for their acts of civil disobedience. Civil disobedience is refusing to follow certain laws as a form of political protest. In Antigone, written by Sophocles, Antigone rebels against the laws of Creon and buries her brother, Polynieces, when everyone was ordered not to. Modern day people around the world like Antigone are also defying laws. Women in Saudi Arabia who went driving when laws forbid them to and they got into a lot of trouble with the government, Israelis whoRead MoreEssay about Antigone1326 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone; The Tragic Hero nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Antigone is a classic work that never ceases to be analyzed by critics and students around the world. The debate over who is the real tragic hero of Sophocles’ play Antigone is a topic that is heavily discussed. To this day there is still no agreement. Some people believe that Antigone is the real tragic hero of this tragedy, while others believe that the hero is in fact her uncle, Creon. It is logical to say that Antigone is the tragicRead MoreAntigone And Creon As A Tyrant1452 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone takes place just after a war between Antigone’s two brothers, Eteocles and Polynices. Eteocles fought on the side of Thebes whereas Polynices resembled an invader. Afterwards, Eteocles is buried and seen as honorable. However, Polynices is denied a proper burial because he is considered a traitor to Thebes. In this play, Sophocles uses Antigone and Creon as foils by characterizing Antigone as a martyr and Creon as a tyrant to urge the read er to realize that one’s own morals are more significantRead MoreGender Roles In Antigone1547 Words   |  7 PagesIn Sophocles’ Antigone, gender roles are a major conflicting theme throughout the entire play. The setting of the play was written during the Greek mythological days, around 442 B.C. During these days, men were dominant and held all of the power, so women were automatically treated as less. Antigone and Creon portray the conflicting sides between male and female, and Ismene and Haemon portray opposing sides to Antigone and Creon’s actions. Antigone, Ismene, Creon, and Haemon each show differencesRead More The Relationship between Gods and Mortals in Mythology Essay1359 Words   |  6 Pagespower for both gods and mortals. For instance, in Sophocles tragedy, Antigone, justice prevails over king Creons actions. He sentences his own niece to death for giving her deceased brother, a pronounced enemy of Thebes, a proper burial. In return for his rig id ruling he loses his wife and son to tragic deaths. Creon puts his own city?s justice before the determined justice of the gods, and pays dearly for it. Antigone also receives justice for her actions even though she dies. She did goRead MoreAnalysis Of Sophocles The King Of The Thebes 979 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States Army betrays our country to side with terrorists and other enemies in attempts to take over America, but is killed in t battle. Does that general deserve a proper burial that is usually given to regular armed service men and women? That’s basically the same situation that King Kreon is put in at the beginning of Antigone. Throughout Sophocles’ Antigone, Kreon, the king of the Thebes, has good intentions, but remains stubborn and inflexible to the outcries of his own family, the unhappinessRead MoreSophocles Antigone Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pages Sophocles’ play â€Å"Antigone† illustrates the conflict between obeying human and divine law. The play opens after Oedipus’ two sons Eteocles and Polyneices have killed each other in a civil war for the throne of Thebes. Oedipus’ brother in law Creon then assumes the throne. He dictates that Eteocles shall receive a state funeral and honors, while Polyneices shall be left in the streets to rot away. Creon believes that Polyneices’ body shall be condemned to this because of his civil disobedience andRead MoreWhat Makes The Best Type Of Person Is The Most Honest And Good?1358 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history humans have both depended on and struggled with both manmade and religious beliefs. Beliefs of which have allowed our understandings of life, power, and civilization. Stories of Gilgamesh written by Herbert Mason, Sophocles Antigone, and Thucyides by Paul Woodruff date back from as early as 420 BC. These stories demonstrate the meaning of life and the purpose of civilization. Civilizations of which, have been built around justice. T he best type of person is an admirable one. The

Video Games Video Game Violence - 1502 Words

Anthony Cook Mrs. Martin ENG 1113-1 16 April 2013 Video Game Violence The evolution of video games has taken a drastic change since the 1970’s when video games were first introduced. Since then every decade video games have become more violent in nature with strong language and realistic to suit society today. Craig Anderson states that with more violence in video games they would sell better than games with less violence (Anderson, Gentile, and Beckley pg.5). Violent video games really became popular when the first person shooter games were invented so that we could see through the eyes of the player, as if we were really experiencing it. Society wanted better graphics and games as time went on new technology was invented and society matured in electronics. This meant that for game creators would have to come up with something better selling than the last. Creators would make the games more violent and more realistic each time so that way they can keep the interest of their consumers. Each game would increase in blood or gor e slowly, but what really got consumers to buy their games would be the update of graphics in the consoles or games. This is due to the drastic changing of technology and the maturing of consumers wanting better and newer violent video games. Violent video games can cause children to behave violently if not correctly supervised. Violent video games can desensitize children. Studies show that most video games in today’s society contain some type ofShow MoreRelatedVideo Game Violence : Video Games892 Words   |  4 PagesVideo Game Violence On December 14, 2012, a twenty year old boy named Adam Lanza shot twenty children and six staff at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Before arriving to the school, he shot his mother then committed suicide after the shooting. The reports say that he was influenced to shooting others by the video game â€Å"Call of Duty†. Video game violence is defined as a behavior including physical violence intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something impacted by videoRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Violent Video Games1626 Words   |  7 PagesDavis English III 27 March 2015 Video Game Violence Violent video games have been being created since the first console. Yet only recently have we been blaming them for aggression in the player. We as humans have a tendency to blame our violent behavior on other things rather thin ourselves. Now aggression is being defined in many ways in this situation but mainly people point to the anger that’s brought out in the real world after the game or maybe it’s the gamers’ tendency to haveRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Game Violence Blood and gore, intense violence, strong sexual content, use of drugs. These are just a few of the phrases that the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) uses to describe the content of several games. The future of entertainment revolves around technology. Along with the evolvement of technology, video games are also changing. More ways of playing violent video games are created each year, but most of us have this question in mind; do violent video games influence peopleRead MoreVideo Game Violence And Violent Video Games2382 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract The issue of video game violence seems to be a hot topic right now after several shootings have occurred and made a connection to the shooters being video gamers. In looking at past research it is apparent that there seems to large amounts of research that contradict one work to another. Although I would have been interested in conducting a poll of the publics opinion regarding the use of violent video games and their connection to mass shootings I was not able to conduct the researchRead MoreVideo Games and Violence1011 Words   |  4 Pagesare probably millions and billions of video games sold every year to people. Some people seem to believe that violence correlates directly with video games. Video games are something that is usually a big interest in people at the ages of 13 to 19 years old. Video games usually start off as a little fun and then turn into a major hobby for some people. Emotions change based on whatever happens while a person is engaging in these games most of t he time. These games are another way to observe how peopleRead MoreVideo Games Violence664 Words   |  3 PagesUNV - 104 August 11, 2013 Video Games and Violence Video games and violence have different effects on children according to the type of video games that is being watched It is important to understand the world of video games. All video games do not prevent violence in children. Parents should take into consideration in monitoring their child while choosing video games. Depending on the video game that is chosen, does not mean the child will result in violent behavior later on in lifeRead MoreVideo Games and Violence1981 Words   |  8 Pagesconcerned about violent video games due to the increased reality in the games. However, society may not realize how children and teens are affected by these games. In modern times, children and young adults are affected by violent games in a negative way by causing changes in their behavior. The average American child watches 28 hours of television a week and by the age of eighteen will have seen 16,000 murders and 200,000 violent acts (Gallagher). People who defend violent games like to po int out thatRead MoreThe Violence Of Video Games971 Words   |  4 PagesMost kids today play video games to entertain themselves and it’s their hobby. Today kids and even young adults play games like Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V), Call of Duty, and Fallout 4. All three of these games were one of the top games of their respective year of release. What do they all have in common? They depict violence in a way that its becoming more realistic every year they’re sequels are released. But what’s up with people blaming video games for mass shootings and other heinousRead MoreVideo Games and Violence942 Words   |  4 Pages Video Games and Violence Awe entering in more advanced society of technology, video games has become a popular source of entertainment among us. Almost all of us has rented or owned a video game and we have spent hours playing it. As we all know, video games have become the second most popular form of entertainment after television; the source of entertainment is proven to be violent. Excessive playing of video games has a huge impact on our life as well asRead MoreDo Video Games Contribute For Video Game Violence?1170 Words   |  5 Pages Do video games contribute to video game violence? I will discuss why video games do not contribute to youth violence, what types of warnings are given by video game companies, and what flaws exist in studies that suggest a correlation between violence and gaming. As the sales of video games have risen in recent years, some groups claim that violence in these games has caused violent behaviors among young players. However, this argument bears little factual evidence supporting such a connection

Movie Tehcniques Free Essays

Film, what do you think of when you hear that word? A motion picture is simply a series of still pictures shown quickly so they stimulate motion. But a film can be so much more than that. It can tell a story, inform people of news, or educate. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Tehcniques or any similar topic only for you Order Now A film can surprise, aggravate, and inspire the imagination. Some of the necessary skills to analyze how images are constructed, how they create meanings, and how they affect us help us to better understand film as a whole. Throughout the class we watched several films each displaying some different techniques used throughout the films. These techniques help provide a dynamic approach to discover the different meanings that the viewer can receive from the film. In Buster Keaton’s Sherlock Jr. made in 1924, the specific film technique that best stands out is mise-en-scene. Mise-en-scene is the composition or what’s in the scene or frame. This technique includes long take, long shot, and moving camera. A specific example of a scene from the film that illustrates mise-en-scene is when Sherlock Jr. (Buster Keaton) is riding on the handle bars of the motorcycle that the theater manager, Gillette (Ford West) is racing around through town on (154). Sherlock Jr. is unaware that Gillette has fallen off and he is performing crazy stunts while on the handle bars with no driver. One of the extreme stunts that he performed is when the motorcycle appears to cross a bridge that is open so it looks like he could plummet to the ground, but just as he is crossing the gap two trucks pass underneath him filling the gap and he safely makes is across. From this account, this powerful scene shows mise-en-scene perfectly. The camera is taking a long take which means that the camera is taking a single unbroken shot that can be moving or stationary. In this case the camera is moving with the action which shows moving camera. The scene also fills long shot which is a shot that shows the full human body, and the camera is also showing the background behind Sherlock Jr. while he racing around town performing crazy stunts. This technique is used to help keep this silent American comedy interesting and the audience intrigued throughout the performance that Sherlock Jr. is presenting. In Sergei Eisenstein’s 1926 film, Battleship Potemkin, the specific film technique that stands out is montage. Montage is different than mise-en-scene instead of long take, long shot, and moving camera it is a sequence of quick shots, showing a condensed series of events. The individual shots put together to cause and emotional or intellectual reactions to the audience. Eisenstein believed that film montage could create ideas or have impact beyond the individual images. He wanted to represent perceptions powerfully more than emotions directly (172). A specific example of a scene that illustrates montage very well is the Odessa Steps scene. In this scene, the Tsar’s soldiers march down a seemingly endless flight of steps in a rhythmic, machine like fashion. While walking down the steps they are shooting into the crowd of town’s citizens creating a traumatic massacre. There were several victims including an older woman trying to stop the soldiers but she is stabbed with a knife. The next shot is of a young boy that was killed and his mother was protesting for them to help her because her boy had been hurt, but they didn’t even listen and shot her. The next shot flashes to a mother holding onto a baby carriage but she is shot. As she falls to her death she knocks the carriage down the steps. The camera continues to show the carriage tumbling down the stairs and then zooming in on the wheels of the carriage and it quickly plummets down the steps. During these main shots, there were quick shots of other town citizen’s dying and scurrying to get away. This seven minute scene just showed complete and utter chaos. Montage is used for the Odessa Step scene because it allows Eisenstein to manipulate the audience’s perceptions of time by stretching out the crowd’s flight down the steps. The rapid progression and alteration of images in the sequence gives the audience just a piece from a dreadful nightmare. This sequence of montage sets up the audience to rise up against oppression and the Tsar government. In Orson Welles 1989 film, Citizen Kane, the specific film technique that stands out right from the beginning is mise-en-scene. As explained earlier mise-en-scene is what the director decides to put into the film frame such as lighting, the setting, costume, and the movement and actions of figures appearing within the film. The scene that shows the most powerful and significant mise-en-scene is the first flashback scene set at Charles Foster Kane’s (Orson Welles) childhood home. The scene begins showing Kane in the background, while in the foreground, his parents (Mary and Jim Kane) and Mr. Walter Parks Thatcher (George Coulouris) are discussing his future. Kane appears visually trapped within the frames of a window, foreshadowing the way in which he will be â€Å"trapped† into Mr. Thatcher’s guardianship. During the scene, they show a close up of Kane’s facial expression and they fade out to reveal the sleigh, Rosebud, which he was happily playing with moments before. The beginning scene of the flashback of Kane’s happy childhood being given into the hands of Mr. Thatcher illustrates mise-en-scene very well. The scene provides a great example of deep focus, which is the drama within the frame. The director focuses on the foreground with his mother signing the papers, the father in the middle by the door, and young Kane outside the window. The use of mise-en-scene keeps the audience intrigued into who Kane was referring to when he was dying and asked for rosebud. They continue to use long take, long shot, and at the end the moving camera reveals what Rosebud was. By not revealing that Rosebud was the sled from his child hood right from the beginning, the audience stays curious as to who Rosebud really was. In Stanley Donen and Gene Kelly’s 1951 film, Singin’ in the Rain, the specific film technique that stands out is mise-en-scene. When mise-en-scene is applied to film it means everything that is present before the camera, which includes arrangement of props, actors and sets. During the entire film, mise-en-scene was shown through performance of the main characters Don Lockwood (Gene Kelly), Kathy Seldon (Debbie Reynolds), Lina Lamont (Jean Hagen) and Cosmo Brown (Donald O’Connor). These characters would often express their emotions through song or dance. One example of a scene that shows mise-en-scene thoroughly is when Don Lockwood performs the song, â€Å"Singing in the Rain. † The scene starts with Don Lockwood kissing Kathy Selden on the doorstep of the house. This starts off as a long shot before zooming into a close up of the two kissing and they are both under Lockwood’s umbrella, which is a crucial prop for the entire scene. There is a constant rain throughout the scene, which is acknowledged by Kathy who states â€Å"This California dew is just a little heavier than usual tonight,† before she goes back inside. Don then waves away the waiting taxi which has been visible since the start of the scene. Don begins to sing the opening of â€Å"Singing in the Rain. † He then shuts his umbrella and begins dancing down the street, filled with a mixture of houses and shops with displays on the window. Don interacts with almost all of the props like the light pole on the sidewalk and the puddles of water on the road. Two people rush past him hiding under a newspaper, while he dances around them giving them a cheerful wave. Throughout his performance, Don carries an umbrella as some kind of dance partner, and at one point using it as an air guitar. This technique is used in the movie to allow the audience to use the performance to perceive different perceptions and meanings of the images and sound. Mise-en-scene in this specific scene with Don creates a different effect, leaving the audience with a feel good moment. Everyone lives in a different reality and that is why people enjoy watching films. They give insight into the worlds of others. Film directors do their best to portray their characters’ lives and make them as believable as they can. They do this through the different film techniques to help describe the way that meaning is created throughout the film. Many help set up the realism with costumes, setting and performance, while others use a series of quick shots to condense space, time and information. Even though film is just a story or event recorded by a camera as a set of images, when shown to an audience the meanings created helps them to better understand the films overall. How to cite Movie Tehcniques, Papers

Intolerance in pakistan free essay sample

Pakistan is a developing country and a sovereign, Islamic republic as well as an Islamic democracy with a mixture of both Islamic and colonial secular laws. The Constitution of Pakistan provides for fundamental rights, which include freedom of speech, freedom of thought, freedom of information, freedom of religion, freedom of association, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and the right to bear arms. The founder of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a moderate secular state blended with some Islamic values and principles. Nevertheless, Pakistans status as an Islamic Republic should not be confused or compared with other Islamic Republics in the region, such as the Islamic Republic of Iran. Unlike Iran, Pakistan is not a theocracy, but rather an Islamic democracy. Elections in Pakistan regularly take place on time and are mostly free and fair. Most of Pakistans laws are secular in nature, most of which were inherited from the United Kingdoms colonial rule of modern-day Pakistan before 1947. In recent times, there has been increasing pressure on Pakistan to amend or replace some of its outdated laws made during the time of the British Empire. Unfortunately, human societies are not inherently tolerant. Indeed, small hunter- gatherer and even early agrarian communities were not even diverse. Thus tolerance was not always a human reaction to the outsider, the ‘Other’. It was a virtue which grew as civilization became more complex because of war, trade and migration. This ‘tolerance’ was contingent upon the acceptance of the predominance of the politically ascendant group. It was probably an outcome of security rather than insecurity. A besieged civilization is generally a paranoid civilization looking for enemies within and without to blame for failures Intolerance Intolerance can be defined as unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from ones own. Unfortunately intolerance is growing day by day in Pakistani society and its consequences are very severe. It is the root cause of many other social evils. We will analyze the major types of intolerance prevailing in our society , there consequences and then will discuss how intolerance can be minimized. Religious intolerance in Pakistan Soon after its independence in 1947 Pakistan faced many problems. The first calamity that struck this country was the demise of its founder Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the vacuum which was created after Jinnah’s death could not be filled; it caused many problems for the new born state particularly about the future of Pakistan. Jinnah wanted Pakistan to be a state where people from all religion, cast or creed will be treated equally, and their religious beliefs will have nothing to do with the business of the state, which he cited in his illustrious presidential address to the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on August 11, 1947. However, not all the people were thinking similar to Jinnah, as they had their own aims. A majority in this category was the religious fanatic class, who at first opposed Pakistan movement but later after the creation of Pakistan they became part of it, but that was not all, the newly born state of Pakistan seemed like a good opportunity to these religious opportunists class to propagate and bolster their own agenda under the umbrella of religion because bulk of the masses of this country were unaware of the consequences of blind following these clerics, and these people of Pakistan were a bull’s-eye of religious blackmailing. With the passage of time Jinnah’s idea of a Muslim state was overshadowed by the pattern of the state propagated by clergyman. The onset of cold war and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan gave a threshold to Mullahism in Pakistan. That time military dictator General Zia ul Haq assured his full support to the extremist religious organizations inside Pa kistan for the purpose of â€Å"Jihad† against Soviets in Afghanistan. During his tenure the recruitment of Jihadis from all over the Pakistan and their training through the platform of these religious organizations (in collaboration with CIA) gained peak, thus strengthening extremism roots in our society. However, after Zia the failure of other civilian governments to control these radical religious groups led to an atrocious situation. As an aftermath of past governments unconditional support to these religious organizations today Pakistan is suffering from religious extremism and intolerance more than ever, the sectarian violence in this country is at its peak, killings of sectarian leaders for the purpose of gaining more influence over the other sect is a common practice these days. Pakistan has  seen an unprecedented rise in religious intolerance since last five years, from the assassination of Governor Punjab alleged of blasphemy to the present day case of a 13 year old Christian school going girl, who was accused of blasphemy only because she misspelled the Urdu word â€Å"Naat† which looked like the word â€Å"Lanat† after being misspelled in her class test. The girl was expelled from the school by the principal on the complaint of her teacher, who should have known that a 13 year old young kid can make such types of mistakes unintentionally. Moreover, her prosecution was demanded by local Mul las and they waged protests to file a case against the young girl accusing her of blasphemy. These events draw the horrible picture of our society which shows that how acutely the Mullaism and religious intolerance has settled itself in to Jinnah’s Pakistan. Islam is a religion of peace and love it preaches the respect and welfare of Humanity, rather than killings and prosecution of non-Muslims just because of the reason that they live in a Muslim state and they differ from us in their beliefs, so their any unintentional action is portrayed as blasphemy, which is considered as solid evidence to kill them. The recent brutal killings of people from Shiite sect in Quetta is another horrifying example of religious intolerance. The rising negative role of religious extremists is acting as a pandemic in our society; these people have narrow minds, radical beliefs and sectarian agendas which are only in their own favour and are largely harmful to our society. The growing activism of such organizations are alarming which can be seen quite often in variety of fields particularly in educational institutions where religious and so called â€Å"student organizations† are actively working. In the public sector universities they have strong hold from where a large number of recruitments take place. Students who are suppose to study are playing in hands of these organizations by wasting their time, money and carriers after being trapped by these people as a member of some religious student organization. They are indoctrinated and then used for the implementation of their organizational agenda either through protests, strikes or even by use of violence all in the name of Islam. Pakistan is a country where quality education is rare; people are used to of blind following and there is a great dearth of awareness among people about misuse of religion. It is the need of the hour that as an individual and as well as a society we shall raise awareness among people against such propagandas and for the welfare of our country by using all possible means, we need to claim back the Jinnah’s Pakistan which endorses tolerance, peace, love and equality rather than a country plagued by intolerance, hatred, sectarianism and fanatic mentality indoctrinated by those who have already hijacked the ideal state of Pakistan and camouflaged themselves as religious shepherd. It is up to Pakistanis to decide how much or how little religious tolerance may prevail in the society. Will Pakistan continue to be a country where Sikhs are prevented from praying, Ahmadis and Shias are slaughtered in and en-route to places of worship, where shrines of patron saints are destroyed by sui cide bombers, or where foreign aid workers are abducted for ransom. Or will it be a country where religious pluralism, as was envisioned by Jinnah, Pakistan’s founding father, would flourish? Intolerance Breeds hatred Every society consists of various groups following different faiths, ideologies, sectarian beliefs and social and political adherences. In some cases, there is a majority which dominates the society and makes attempts, either by force or by persuasion, to integrate these different groups into its fold. In such a scenario the majority believes that only by uniting all groups can society grow strong and defend itself from internal and external dangers. This creates conflict and instead of uniting, the society further fragments and breaks into pieces. This is what is called tyranny of the majority and its intolerance toward differences and diverse opinions. In other cases the majority makes efforts to understand the existence of different groups in its fold; it adopts the policy of tolerance and allows them to express their views freely. The outcome of both policies are quite different. In case of tolerance, creativity flourishes and blossoms. Finding no discrimination or prejudices, art, literature, music and other expressions of culture are produced which  transform it into a progressive and multicultural society. In case of intolerance, the elements of creativity are strangled and minority groups, feeling insecure and deprived, fail to contribute socially, politically, and economically. We have the example of the Jews in the Western society. As long as they were persecuted, their contribution to Western civilisation was limited to trade and commerce. When the Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizens was passed after the French Revolution, the Jews were also granted equal rights. When Napoleon conquered Germany, he also liberated the Jews who were forced to reside in ghettos and were not allowed any commercial activities outside the ghettos. Once they were free, they emerged as the most creative group who contributed not only in trade and commerce but also in art and literature, philosophy, and science. Nazi Germany suffered intellectually and culturally as a result of its anti-Jew policy. Most of the leading Jews left Germany and settled in different European countries or the USA. Germany was deprived of their talents and their adopted countries benefited from their presence. History shows that those countries which followed the policy of intolerance suffered economically, socially and culturally. When the Arabs conquered Spain, which they called al-Andalus, they formed a multi-religious and multi-cultural society consisting of Muslims, Jews and Christians. This created a sophisticated society based on an enlightened philosophy that richly contributed to art and architecture. The vast store of Greek learning reached the West via Arab translation. There was no persecution of Christians. However, all this changed when in 1492 the combined forces of Castilian and Aragon defeated the last Moorish kingdom of Granada and expelled the Muslims and the Jews. They were given the option to either convert to Christianity or leave the country. Thus followed a trail of tears. The Jews left and made efforts to settle in European countries where they were constantly harassed and terrorised. The Muslims settled in North African Muslim states and some of them became  pirates to take revenge against the Europeans by plundering their trading ships. Those who converted were harassed by the Inquisition and tried on mere suspicion of following their old religion. It changed the whole cultural fabric of Spain. Although it became a part of the Holy Roman empire it slowly lost its cultural vitality and became backward.

Truth Hurts free essay sample

Most people view the truth as being one of the most fundamental building blocks of any relationship. However, there are certain instances, where the truth might be a difficult thing to disclose to someone. Truth has the power to either set one free, or destroy a friendship, relationship, and especially trust. Trust, in terms of the truth, is what either holds something together or tears it apart. As with all chances, there are both good consequences and bad consequences with telling the truth, however when it comes down to it, revealing the truth to others is far more important than keeping it from them. In today’s world, it appears that it is much easier to lie, rather than to tell the truth. Ever since childhood, the concept of lying has been subconsciously taught to us. Not major lies that could possibly cause great damage, but smaller ones to get by on. We will write a custom essay sample on Truth Hurts or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a child, many like to answer the phone. There are many times when you answer the phone and someone asks for your parents, although a child simply asks who it is and hands the phone to them. There are those day though, when you ask who it is, and your parents tell you to tell the person that they are either not available or not home yet. Thus subconsciously reinforcing that it is acceptable to lie occasionally. There was another instance that I had faced within my life. Not my own experience, but one of my best friend’s experiences. My best friend loved to smoke, however, he has just gotten a girlfriend. He had told me that they were together and that he could see being with that girl for a long time. The only way that she said that she would be his girlfriend was if he stopped smoking, because it was one of things in a boyfriend that she could not tolerate. So he said that he would man up and change his smoking habit for her. After a couple months into their relationship I started to notice that he had started smoking again. And then one day I confronted him about it, asking him if his girlfriend said it was ok for him to start smoking. He said that he did not want to tell her because he would have to admit that he had been lying to her, and he did not want to disappoint her. We talked about it, and I then told him that if he did not tell the truth, it would backfire. It was only a matter of time before someone found out the truth, and since they had mutual friends, someone was bound to tell her. He told me not to worry about it and that he could handle it. A couple months passed by, he kept on smoking and doing what he did and his girlfriend had no idea. Then one day, I got a call from him saying that his girlfriend had broken up with him. Since he was my best friend, I went to his house to check how he was doing. I went to his house, and he was a complete mess. He was crying saying that he loved the girl and that he wanted her back. His girlfriend on the other hand was extremely upset. She did not want to talk to him at all because she could not understand how he could have lied to her. All she wanted was the truth and she was disappointed that he was not even able to giver her that. She would have probably been less upset if she had found out from him and not from one of their friends. Now it was too late, my best friend was lying in his bed crying about how he should not have lied to his girlfriend. Lying usually doesn’t work to your advantage. It may seem like a good idea at the time, but really, it will come back to get you in the end. Although it may be difficult to tell someone the truth in any situation, it is necessary to do so even if it might hurt the person. It is only fair if you would like the same done for you. People do not like being lied to, and when they are lied to, they lose trust in the person that lied to them, in turn breaking up a relationship that might or might not mean a lot to you, either way, lying only causes more pain rather than good.

alexandre dumas essays

alexandre dumas essays Alexandre Dumas was a major playwright who helped to revolutionize French drama and theater. He was one of the best historical novelists, publishing more than two hundred novels. He was born on July twenty fourth, mille eighteen in the french town of Villers-Cotterets. His father was a general in Napoleon's army. His mother, Marie-Louise-Elizabeth was an innkeeper. His father died when he was four years old and his mother was not able to provide him with much education. As a young man, Alexandre Dumas worked as a clerc and moved to Paris. After seeing one of Shakesphere's plays, Hamlet, he had found the direction that he needed to go. The play had inspired him to become a playwright. In eighteen twenty four his son Alexandre Dumas fils, who became a writer himself, was born. A few years later, after many failures, Alexandre Dumas wrote Henry III, which was a great success. Dumas became prominent as one of the leaders of the Romantic movement. Year's later, he turned all his attention to writing vivid historical novels. His best known novels are The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo. However, He became famous not for his novels, but for his plays . Having been regarded as the most important playwright, one of the most prolific writers ever, and the most famous novelist in France, Dumas soon found his luck failing him. He made a fortune and quickly lost it due to his lavish life-style, and generosity. His reputation became tarnished because he often collaborated with people who supplied ideas and minor works, to which Dumas gave his touch of literary genius. He now faced accusations and even suits charging him of plagiarism. Later on in his life, he wrote his memoirs and on December fifth eighteen seventy, he died in the bed at his son's estate in Puys. ...

The World of Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The World of Management - Research Paper Example The increase of corporations did present demand for additional financial information that will enable the successful undertaking of the business financial activities. The study of accounting and â€Å"book keeping† became significantly relevant in numerous learning institutions (Walker 246). The financial undertakings of the businesses had to be carefully evaluated to assist in the verification of imperative decisions. The soaring growth of the corporations necessitated the employment of accountants to enlighten the executive on the financial situation of the firm. According to Whye (165), in 1881, there was the formation of the American Association of Public Accountants (AAPA). This institution was to establish the mannerisms to portray in the undertaking of the accounting profession. In America, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AIPCA) was established (Whye 166). The ethical structures that would manage the accounting field were established in 1907. This became the guideline of the associations of the accountant to the employer and fellow workmates. This effort led to the formation of Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), which would formulate accounting principles, and ethical architecture of accounting. Accounting is evolving everyday and the accounting principles are subject to various alterations that will be significant to the existing market. According to Jones (361), this will assist in delivery of comprehensive financial documents to the corporation explaining their economic standing and the financial resources viable for exploitation. This enables the management to amplify the firm’s earnings through diversification of their interests. The accounting occupation is evolving into various specialized units since the responsibilities of the accountants are advancing. Forensic accounting is one of the noteworthy

Press Release Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Press Release - Assignment Example It has come to our attention this morning that one of our directors in charge of finance has run away with her secretary. The two are not married to each other. Mr. Brown, the finance director, is a married man with two children while Mrs. Rivers, his secretary, is also a married woman with one child. Information availed to us from photos and background checks reveals that the two have been having a secret affair behind their spouses’ backs. This is said to have been going on for a couple of days now. The two love birds have left their families in dire need as they were the bread winners of their families. The second issue is that the two have run away with a substantial amount of money from the staff pension fund kitty. Save the family organization would like to express its stand that we do not encourage such behavior in the organization. The employee code of ethics stipulates that it is an offence for members of staff to have a have a romantic relationship at work as it compromises work and the family values that we advocate for. Secondly we would also like to say that we are conducting internal investigations at the moment to ascertain how the money was stolen by the finance director. Our organization only has three signatories to its accounts: the chief executive officer, the finance director and one member of the board of directors selected through a unanimous vote. The matter has also been reported to the police who are currently working on the case to find the two culprits. Thirdly the organization has taken up the responsibility to take care of the families of the two who were left behind as they cannot fend for themselves. In conclusion we would like to say that this indecent act by one of our directors will not be tolerated and appropriate action will be taken when the two are found. Besides that internal mechanisms are being put in

Financial crisis of Amazon and Apple Research Paper

Financial crisis of Amazon and Apple - Research Paper Example Amazon.Com Inc, on the other hand, operates as an online seller internationally but headquartered in Seattle, Washington, in addition, this online seller company operates such websites as amazon.com and amazon.ca. These websites enable retailers to sell their products through online advertising. Amazon offers other services such as website development, marketing, and company branded credit cards.In 2008, the financial challenges that faced the world led to reduced profits by these two tech companies. The profits reduced because the two companies’ products are not basic necessities that are compulsory for human survival. Basic necessities are food, housing, and basic health care. To the contrary, iPhones, iPod and iPad are that a human being can survive without and, therefore, forgone.Financial analyst and other world leaders, however, put in place measure that saw the crisis recede and thus an increase in consumer purchasing power. The crisis slightly diminished shown especial ly by improving sales in the New York stock market. Elsewhere, sales reports of leading multi-national businesses across Europe were picking up. Apple thus diversified four strategies to help it recover the lost profits. Apple marketing strategies were product design, price of products, promotion and their distribution.In product design, Steve Job, the Apple Chief Executive Officer, creativity contributed to more sales. He designed specifically, the operating system MAC OS X, which helped distinguish the Apple computer from other competing PCs.

Literature Review of Industrial Policies

Literature Review of Industrial Policies What types of industrial policies are there? Discuss, comparatively, the experience of  Brazil and South Korea. Discussing the literature of industrial policy. The Industrial Policy plan of a country, sometimes shortened IP, is its official strategic effort to encourage the development and growth of the manufacturing sector of the economy.There are role of government which takes measures aimed at improving the competitiveness and capabilities of domestic firms and promoting structural transformation. [4] A countrys infrastructure (transportation, telecommunications and energy industry) is a major part of the manufacturing sector that usually has a key role in IP 1. What kinds of industrial policies are effective? One aspect of this question is whether governments should use industrial policies to make the most of their country’s current comparative advantage, or instead invest in higher-productivity industries that are not competitive in the short-term. According to Justin Yifu Lin, World Bank Chief Economist, where industrial policies fail this is â€Å"due mostly to governments’ inability to align their efforts with their country’s resource base and level of development† (Lin, 2010). For Lin, developing countries should first seek to profit from the (mostly labour- and resource-intensive) products and services that they are currently most competitive in. They will accumulate human and physical capital in the process. This capital, Lin argues, can be reinvested over time in more productive industries. An article in the †The Economist† draws similar conclusions. Ha-Joon Chang, in contrast, argues that dev eloping countries should defy their comparative advantage. For Chang, the cost of moving capital between industries (e.g. from sewing machines to car plants) means that countries should actively promote high-productivity industries at an early stage in their development. Some argue that while manufacturing should be given special policy treatment, governments should not favour particular manufacturing industries (cf. UNIDO, 2011)2. One way to do this is by improving the infrastructure that manufacturers require, e.g. by promoting industrial clusters (UNIDO 2009). The creation of export-oriented Special Economic Zones is a well-known example of this. Critics argue that such an approach may only attract short-term investment, achieving little if any positive spillover into the wider economy (Good and Hughes, 2002 ). Another question is which kinds of industrial policy are most effective in promoting economic development. For example, economists debate whether developing countries should focus on their comparative advantage by promoting mostly resource- andlabour-intensiveproducts and services, or invest inhigher-productivityindustries, which may only become competitive in the longer term. An example of typical industrial policy can be import-substitution-industrialization (ISI), where trade barriers are temporarily imposed on some key sectors, such as manufacturing. By selectively protecting certain industries, these industries are given time to learn (learning by doing) and upgrade. Once competitive enough, these restrictions are lifted to expose the selected industries to the international market. ISI was most successful in countries with large populations and income levels which allowed for the consumption of locally produced products. Latin American countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and (to a lesser extent) Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela, had the most success with ISI. The Brazilian ISI process, which occurred from 1930 until the end of the 1980s, involved in boosting exports and discouraging imports (thus promoting the consumption of locally manufactured products), as well as the adoption of different exchange rates for importing capital goods and for importing consumer goods. Moreover, government policies toward investment were not always opposed to foreign capital: the Brazilian industrialization process was based on: governmental, private, and foreign capital, the first being directed to infrastructure and heavy industry, the second to manufacturing consumer goods, and the third, to the production of durable goods (such as automobiles). Volkswagen, Ford, GM, and Mercedes all established production facilities in Brazil in the 1950s and 1960s.. Industrial policy covers many areas of policy. In the historical and comparative literature on the industrialization processes in East Asia and Latin America, the following areas of industrial policy have been persistently disputed: trade strategies, the role and extent of directed credits and subsidies, and innovation policies. In a country whose government has industrial policies, the market force is more or less distorted due to government intervention. It can also be the case that the government uses industrial policy to correct market distortion resulted from domestic monopoly. However, there is no uniformity in the essence or the extent of industrial policies. Different paths chosen by the governments lead to different patterns of industrial development. Even similar strategies could bring about different results when implemented under different environments. A scarcity of natural resources has motivated South Korea to look at its human capital as its biggest endowment, and the country has invested heavily in education, science and technology, and a â€Å"knowledge-based† economy. The South Korea is one of the few countries in the world that has managed radically to transform its domestic economy from one based on agriculture to that of a leading world industrial power, with a constant increase in income per capita and a high growth pattern (Figure 1). Industrialisation and the shift from light to heavy and chemical industries boosted the rising growth pattern and favoured a virtuous integration into foreign markets (Figure 2). For many years, Brazil employed various policies to alter its productive structure in order to increase the participation of sectors believed to have great potential to generate economic growth. Behind these initiatives lay the idea that since the terms of exchange tend over time to deteriorate as far as agricultural production is concerned, it would be appropriate for developing countries to make an effort to industrialize, principally by imposing protectionist tariffs [Prebisch (1950) Singer (1950)].1 The aim here is not to present a detailed report on Brazil’s industrial policy (IP, for now on) over the last few years [for this, see Suzigan (1995), Guimarà £es (1996) and Bonelli, Veiga Brito (1997), Suzigan Furtado (2006)], but rather to describe briefly the tools used to promote industry. Between the 50s and the 80s, various types of trade protection were basically used (import taxes and non-tariff barriers such as the examination of similarity, indices of nationalizat ion, contingency mechanisms, import licensing, preference in government procurement), along with export stimulation (favored exchange rates for exports of manufactured goods and tax exemptions) and subsidies for production in selected sectors (tax exemption and reduction and acceleration of capital depreciation). Besides this, there was an intense flow of credit to sectors considered to be priority and the strong direct presence of the State in various productive activities. To all this, add the obstacles against adopting new technologies (the Information Technology Law (â€Å"Lei de Informà ¡tica†), for example), large state investments in infrastructure (especially up to the late 70s) and expansion of higher education (principally as of the 70s). Brazilian industrial policy developed within the context of a paradigm shift in the relations between State and Society, in which the public sector sought to bring about a business environment favorable to productive investment, w hile the private sector busied itself with seeking out opportunities and making investments. Brazil’s Industrial, Technological and Foreign Trade Policy (PITCE), unveiled in March of 2004, has unique features which clearly distinguish it from previous policies. Its purpose is to bring increased efficiency and competitiveness to Brazilian companies and place them in international markets, thereby creating jobs and increasing incomes. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 Nonetheless, it must be remembered that there is no consensus concerning deterioration of the terms of trade [see Hadass Williamson (2001) for pertinent references]. On the other hand, Sarkar Singer (1991) find indications that the terms of trade for exports of manufactured goods from developing countries also tend to deteriorate, which would justify the prescriptions set forth by Prebisch (1950) and Singer (1950) even in a more advanced stage of development. 2 These tools were not used with the same intensity in all periods. For further details, see Suzigan (1995) If IP appeared to be successful in changing Brazil’s productive structure, there is no evidence that it managed to promote sustained growth over many years. Comparison with countries that found themselves in a similar stage of development is quite illustrative. We see that Brazil’s per capita income in the 60s was higher than many of the countries in East Asia, but during the 80s it was surpassed by all of them. By way of illustration, in 1980 Brazil’s per capita income was 131% of South Korea’s, 40% of Japan’s and 108% of Taiwan’s, whereas in 2000 it had dropped to 50% of South Korea’s, 28% of Japan’s and 39% of Taiwan’s (see Figure 1). From the 90s on, a movement is perceived to open the economy and diminish the role of the State as entrepreneur. The impact of trade opening on industrial productivity has been widely documented [Ferreira Rossi-Jà ºnior (2003)], but this apparently was not translated into exceptionally high growth rates, especially if compared with previous periods (characterized by the intense use of vertical policies) or with the countries of East Asia (see Figure 1). This being so, many authors point to the performance of the Brazilian economy in the last fifteen years as evidence of the need to adopt sectorial policies [see Kupfer (2003), for example]. Work Cited Wikipedia. Industrial policy UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) www.unido.org Industrial Policy and Territorial Development. Lessons from Korea An industrial policy for Brazil (AlessAndro Teixeira. President of the Brazilian Agency for Industrial Development (ABDI) ) Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin Amercia: Experiences and Interpretations. (Latin American Studies Association) Import Substitution Industrialization. Looking Inward for the Source of Economic Growth Industrial and innovation policies in Brazil: recent paths and main challenges (Institute for Manufacturing)

Atlas Shrugged - Iser and Bakhtin on the Closed Text Essay -- Atlas Sh

Atlas Shrugged - Iser and Bakhtin on the Closed Text The process of reading places the author, text, and reader into a dynamic relationship in which, through a fusion of the author's literary vision and the reader's creativity, the text is transformed into an informative and enjoyable experience. This process is especially apparent in the novel form. As the theorist Wolfgang Iser states, a novel must be "conceived in such a way that it will engage the readers imagination in the task of working things out for himself, for reading is only a pleasure when it is active and creative" (Iser 51). Similarly, another theorist and philosopher, Mikhail Bakhtin, argues that within a novel an author creates numerous different voices and languages, each of which contributes to the dynamic reading process; every word and sentence has a context both inside and outside of the novel. Though there are many other theories regarding reader-response, these two form a cohesive definition of the process: Iser's theory broadly explains the interaction-or inter section-of the three components in the process, while Bakhtin's theory explains the specific subjectivity of the novel language. Both of these theories, however, rely on the basic assumption that all texts are intended to be interpretable; that is, in the words of Umberto Eco, that all texts are 'open'. Eco describes an 'open' text as one that attempts to force the reader "into an interplay of stimulus and response which depends on his unique capacity for sensitive reception of the piece" (Eco 49). In essence, an open text invites the reader to fuse his own unique experiences with that of the text to form an interpretation that is his own. Conversely, Eco also describes an antithesis to the... ...tes reader anticipation. Thus, one must conclude that while Eco's theory is fascinating and may very well have a solid basis outside of the novel form, it is impossible for a novel to be closed; though the author's intentions bay be set in stone, the reader's intentions certainly never will be. A novel, by virtue of being a novel, will always be more open than closed. Works Cited Bakhtin, Mikhail. The Diologic Imagination. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1981. Eco, Umberto. The Role of the Reader: Explorations in the Semiotics of Texts. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979. Iser, Wolfgang. "The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach." Published in Tompkins, Jane P. ed., Reader-Response Criticism: From Formalism to Post-Structuralism. Maryland: John Hopkins UP, 1980. Rand, Ayn. Atlas Shrugged. New York: Penguin Books USA, Inc., 1957. Â  

Methods and Challenges in Data Collection

1. FOREWARD Authors as Adams, Khan, Hafiz and Raeside (1), suggest some method for data collection, basing on the situation, warning from possible threats to the validity and reliability of data collected. Whatever the method of data collection chosen (observations, experimentation, survey, interviews, diary method, case study, data storage, triangulation), there are several hypothesis that need to be considered since the beginning (1); the challenges born from the nature of the research and level of detail the researcher want to reach, then by time and budget available, so careful consideration and planning of data collection is required.There are some common principles, for examples try to eliminate as much as possible human errors, analyze all useful data instead of the only one which seems to fit in the theory, run multiple tests to check eventual errors. Collecting data is crucial in many different field of business interest, e. g. from concurrency evaluation to create a model f or the estimation of pipe price, before to meet the supplier for the final negotiation.For example, first strategy adopted from bid and proposal department, for the evaluation of piping price impact, is to evaluate raw material steel price and add a certain percentage which consider total cost of ownership. Second strategy can consider different elements which compose final price, starting from source of data instead of estimate a percentage only. This is one of the key elements: Bebell, O’Dwyer, Russel and Hoffmann (2) studied the importance of technology in the last past years to help researcher to evaluate and confute data availability and validity, for example triangulating the same data.In any case, quantitative methods doesn’t contextualizes in the situation, considering for example the market situation, the human ability to concretize business relationship, †¦ 2. CHALLENGES 3. 1 Source of data World is full of data and opinion, the advent of technology and internet allow to many users all over the world to get access to the web for those who have access, source of millions of articles, opinion, paper, studies, †¦ According to Bebell, O’Dwyer, Russel and Hoffmann (2) the use of laptop and nternet by learners and scholars, in both cases resulted that about 50% or more use technology to make first research and to deliver instruction. The central IT organization in a statistical agency has a very important role in Web-based data collection, since data collection system has two very broad component – an electronic questionnaire, and everything else associated with moving that electronic questionnaire to and from a respondent, including systems and security considerations (3).Since the best result is get if the questionnaire, interview, survey, †¦ is focused as much as possible to the argument of research and to participant that well know the argument, source(s) of data, have to be identified since the beginning, pos sibly during the data collection planning stage. Doing this, the researcher optimizes his / her time, avoiding to source data time per time is need. Researcher has to avoid interpretation and misunderstanding in the question, in order to get invalid responses.This imply that for example, the questionnaires received, if duly filled, may not be very useful because don’t meet the requirements, otherwise, target of the research cannot be reached. Infact rate of response can results too low so unacceptable, and potentially people can decide to not respond since they don’t know about the question. Initial investment of the time to plan the job, avoid creating questionnaires inefficient to the researcher. When we face to questionnaires which don’t know what’s talking about, the first reaction is to leave it blanks or give confused answers.For these reasons, random sampling techniques, stratified random sampling techniques integrating with pre-test, are crucial i n order to avoid eventual fairness, big enemy of the study, even if the researcher has to consider that a pre-test may sensitize or polarize the person’s behavior and consequently, better performance on the post-test. Some methods for avoiding this issues, will be analyzed in the next chapter â€Å"strategies† 3. 2 Characteristics of collected data The target of the researcher is to get the data as objective as possible and the best response rate, not only in terms of numbers but as much representative as possible (2).It means that collects objective data, makes it stronger and unassailable the research, and open to any new research or alternative solutions. Some examples of objective criteria could be: * Market value * Scientific findings * Efficiency of the model * Professional standards defined * Equal treatment * Tradition * Legal (court) * Reasonableness Collecting the right data, allows the researcher to get representative answers which help to find a solution to the problem that he / she places, otherwise the study can be compromise since the beginning, or can drive the researcher to solution not representative of reality.For example, company can decide to capture data of saving from a certain database characterized by having certain accuracy, i. e. two decimal places; at the end of analysis, the researcher have to know that the result is affected by a certain error value. Infact, even if minimal error is occasionally acceptable, in some cases can lead to unacceptable inaccuracy or even to the failure of the project. For this, determine the level of tolerated error is need during the collection of quantitative data. Techniques and devices for the quantitative collection have to be characterized by a certain tolerable range of error. 3. 3 Data collectionTwo main different categories can be considered: primary (data not available by previous research, †¦) and secondary (data are available elsewhere). In both cases, when we’re col lecting quantitative data, it is often tempting to record and use only which results that correspond to priori test, experiments or theory, especially when the expected results are so different from the ones got. However, could happen that especially these unexpected data shown problems with the experimental procedures, so these values should not be ignored. Last but not least, assertiveness of the researcher avoid to influence the questionnaire or data search.For example, supplier A has quoted 100 and supplier B = 70, C = 72, D = 68 for the same identical package. Technical evaluation has been done for all; it means that, the same package has more or less 40% of difference in price compared than A. It may seems an anomaly, in most of the cases that is since one supplier is trying to getting much money, but a careful analysis can lead to evaluate that B and C quoted very low at the beginning, in order to get the PO, foreseeing to recover later on adding some parts, reaching or going over price of A. 3. 4 Cost and timeData collection process can requires observation of the research phenomenon, over than time for collection, surveys, †¦ This particularly happen in the longitudinal studies, where data have to be analyzed at different time. Nevertheless, changes can occur in the subjects during the observation period, so they can be influenced. Cost can limit the data acquisition phase, limiting the collection and right type of data need to conduct the research. As the size increases, variability decreases. Moreover instrumentation with right accuracy, basing on the accuracy target level of the research, can be a limit for the research. . STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME 4. 5 Maintain original data Reliability and validity can be proved, without manipulation, and maintain the opportunity eventually to examine again, reinforcing the conclusions. It means that, since the best and quick results are gain through computer, memory disk should be necessary to store the data. Other reason is that longer is a study, higher is the possibility that historical data are necessary since the time tends to change the conditions. Moreover, pre-test need, when done, need to be stored. 4. 6 Pre-testThey can influence the subjects, so post-test different from pre-test can avoid this effect. Multiple independent trials minimize error when collecting quantitative data, asking to distinct group to run the test or experiments aimed at collecting specific quantitative data. These 2 groups can compare the results, which should be the same. 4. 7 Clear and easy data blank document In order to avoid low rate of response, it has to be easy to use and clear, in English language or the language of the subjects, allowing the participants to give informative and accurate.Over this, the blank is to be simple and quickly to be filled, otherwise participants can be discouraged. 4. 8 Double check source and people for data collection When data collection is delegated to other people or relies to the use of internet, the collection is by other people. For example, company which get information through surveys under payment, it’s a very high quality and quantity way to complete surveys, but need to be analyzed whose responder are really working on the answer or are interested to get the reward only.Temptation to manipulate data to enhance results is common; when happens, the validity of the research becomes doubt. For sure most of the times mistakes are unwanted, and the response need to be identified. One way to solve this problem should be solved using technology (2). For instance, software can help to create an average, classify and evaluate which are completely out of average and why, since they could be representative of the survey or due to the low knowledge of the responders, collect all the evaluable data finding eventual correlation between the variables.In conclusion, find the middle way in optimizing the additional cost and reduction of time tha nks to technology, is a concrete challenge for the researcher which would share his / her research to others, since research designed to solve problems in medium – long terms, rather than short terms, is increasingly required in today’s business environment. REFERENCES 1) Adams, John; Khan, Hafiz T A; Raeside, Robert (2007) â€Å"Research Methods for Graduate Business and Social Science Students.Sage India† 2) Damian Bebell, Laura M. O’Dwyer, Michael Russell, Tom Hoffmann – 2010 Concerns, Considerations, and New Ideas for Data Collection and Research in Educational Technology Studies 3) Richard W. Swartz and Charles Hancock – 2002 Data collection through web-based Technology 4) Reetta Raitoharju1, Eeva Heiro2, Ranjan Kini3, and Martin D’Cruz – 2009 Challenges of multicultural data collection and analysis: experiences from the health information system research

Typhoid Fever essay

Typhoid Fever essay: Introduction: Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and occasionally the bloodstream, and is from the Salmonella species. Risk of infection is greatest for travellers to developing countries who will have prolonged exposure to potentially contaminated food and beverages. Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection of the intestinal tract and occasionally the bloodstream. Symptoms: Fever as high as 103Â ° to 104Â ° F (39Â ° to 40Â ° C), Severe headache, Insomnia, Nose bleeding, Either diarrhoea or constipation, Weakness, Stomach pains, Loss of appetite, A rash, Chills, Sore throat, And in some cases, rose coloured spots may appear. Preventive Measures, Isolation of infected person, usually only people who cant control their need to go to the toilet, eg: babies, and some disabled people, Personal Hygiene, Hand washing before eating, Clean and careful food preparation, Drink safe water, Safe Water, Sanitation. If you drink water, buy it bottled or bring it to boil for 1minute before you drink it. Bottled carbonated water is safer than uncarbonated water. Ask for drinks without ice unless the ice is made from bottled or boiled water. Avoid icypoles and flavoured ices that may have been made with contaminated water. Eat foods that have been thoroughly cooked and that are still hot and steaming. Avoid raw vegetables and fruits that cannot be peeled. Vegetables like lettuce are easily contaminated and are very hard to wash well. When you eat raw fruit or vegetables that can be peeled, peel them yourself. (Wash your hands with soap first.) Do not eat the peelings. Avoid foods and beverages from street vendors. It is difficult for food to be kept clean on the street, and many travellers get sick from food bought from street vendors. Bread is safest when served fresh from the oven. Avoid moist grain dishes (like rice) that have been allowed to sit at room temperature for long periods of time. Don'...

Toilet Paper Icebreaker Games

Toilet Paper Icebreaker Games Social and business gatherings can be awkward at first, especially if participants dont know each other. Icebreaker games can help a host solve that problem and motivate guests  to break through their initial social fears, leading to a productive meeting or event. Try this toilet paper game to grease the social wheels. Grab a Roll Youll need little preparation. Just grab a full roll of toilet paper from the bathroom, and then: Take the roll of toilet paper, pull off several squares before handing it to another person and asking him to do the same.Continue this until all guests have grabbed a few pieces.Once everyone in the room has taken some toilet paper, each person counts the number of squares that she has grabbed and then tells everyone that number things about herself.For example, if someone has three squares, he would share three things about himself. Give an Example If you have a particularly shy group, spark the discussion with an example, suggests  Beat by Beat, a website focusing on drama and theater. The website gives the following example: If Isabel took five sheets, then, she might say: I like to dance.My favorite color is purple.I have a dog named Sammy.This summer I went to Hawaii.I’m really afraid of snakes. Beat by Beat says that you will also learn about participants personalities based on who took a greater number of sheets compared to those who tore off only a few. Extending the Game Leadership Geeks, a website focusing on leadership skills and team building, suggests extending this seemingly simple game to foster team-building, work habits, and social skills. After all of the  participants have torn off a few pieces of toilet paper and you have explained the rules of the game, notes the website: You may hear laughter and groaning when some realize they took too many squares.End the session by sharing a humorous moral: â€Å"Sometimes excess can be bad for you!†Ask participants: How many of you took more than what you knew you would need just in case? What does that say about your approach to life in general?What are some interesting things you have learned about your fellow participants? You can dissolve uncomfortable distinctions between those hoarding a large number of pieces and those who only grabbed two or three. Afterward, have everyone throw their sheets into the center, says Beat by Beat. This represents all the new information we now know about each other. Its amazing how much social traction you can gain with a simple bathroom supply. And, regardless of how many sheets participants tore off, youre likely to have plenty of paper left on the roll for your next event.

How have journalists and academics investigated current themes and Essay

How have journalists and academics investigated current themes and issues in the US presidential elections - Essay Example This research tells that the Presidential elections in the United States generate plenty of interest both within and outside the country.   Ascending into the role of a superpower at the culmination of the Second World War, the US foreign policies have had a significant impact in determining the political and economic success of nations all across the globe.   In this context, the scholarship, reportage and opinion editorials published in the lead up to the elections can reveal the contentious issues and underlying themes.   Such a study will help assess the merits and drawbacks of the American democratic enterprise, which the rest of this essay endeavors to. An issue that is always at the forefront of American politics is domestic economic policy and more importantly the issues of taxes and their expenditure.   In spite of political rhetoric about America being a â€Å"classless society, the statistics don't measure up to this claim. As Paul Krugman points out, â€Å"Thirt y years ago we were a relatively middle-class nation. It had not always been thus: Gilded Age America was a highly unequal society, and it stayed that way through the 1920s. During the 1930s and '40s, however, America experienced the Great Compression: a drastic narrowing of income gaps, probably as a result of New Deal policies. And the new economic order persisted for more than a generation: Strong unions; taxes on inherited wealth, corporate profits, and high incomes; close public scrutiny of corporate management--all helped to keep income gaps relatively small.... While Roosevelt's New Deal economic and social reforms met with outstanding success, it remains to be seen how the new President would cope with the Wall Street collapse of late. The historical similarities between the two don't end there. They both come from the Democratic Party and as Lichtman points out, piggybacked on a message of "change". And change is all the more imperative now than ever before in the post Second World War American history. For, irrespective of the fact that the country is the richest in the world, the extreme disparities in standard of living among its demography is a symbol of failed economic policies of previous presidents. According to estimates by the economists Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez, based on statistics released by the Congressional Budget Office, "between 1973 and 2000 the average real income of the bottom 90 percent of American taxpayers actually fell by 7 percent. Meanwhile, the income of the top 1 percent rose by 148 percent, the income of the top 0.1 percent rose by 343 percent and the income of the top 0.01 percent rose 599 percent. (Those numbers exclude capital gains, so they're not an artefact of the stock-market bubble.) The distribution of income in the United States has gone right back to Gilded Age levels of inequality" (Lichtman, 2008). While these statistics represent the systemic injustices of the American economic system, which all Democratic Party candidates point to in their campaigns, there is also a dedicated conservative press and its team of scholars, who attempt to discredit blatant realities with ideological rationale. A case in point is the conservative think-tank Heritage Foundation, which has published articles supporting the reactionary policies of the Republican Party even as the

Court Procedures 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Court Procedures 4 - Essay Example Self-presentation ensures that no lawsuits of defamation or false witnessing will ensure once the trial is completed. The most important point in this chapter regards the right to a counsel to represent the defendant. This is important to understand because the work of the counsel is to offer guidance to the defendant from the time he or she is arrested until the end of the trial leading to a dismissal or conviction. Chapter eight has the case of Premo v. Moore 131 S. CT. 733 (U. S. 2011) where the defendant filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus under the Sixth Amendment stating that his counsel offered ineffective assistance to him. The District Court denied the writ but the court of appeal reversed the decision. The Supreme Court granted certiorari to the inmate but ruled that the habeas could not be granted because there was no proof of the attorney being prejudiced or showing deficient performance which are the requirements of granting this writ against the attorney. The inmate before conviction and confession to the police confessed to two witnesses about committing the crime (Robertson and Wallace, 2013). The rules are established on the evidence being presented to the judge or jury to provide a fair hearing as well as prevent prejudicial decisions being made by the jury. The rules also prevent errors being made during the ruling which may affect the outcome. Some of the rules of evidence include the jury not being present for the presentation of the evidence in some states while in others the prosecution and defense are encouraged to object any evidence being provided if it will to the jury making prejudicial ruling. The rules in these cases ensure not only a fair hearing but also ensure that no innocent individual will be wrongly convicted due to the evidence provided. Chapter 10 has the most important point as being that of hearsay which should not be considered in some cases but still is. It is important to

The Blossoming Garden Centre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Blossoming Garden Centre - Essay Example According to Mr. Gordon Rose, there should be a positive attitude always towards the customers, as they bring business to the concern. Thus, there should be no failure in the skills used for effective customer service. Customer satisfaction is the main area of interest for this concern. Blossoming Garden Centre case study deals mainly with the training of the staffs which could meet the requirements of the employee legislation, product knowledge as well as sufficient acquaintance to meet the instant needs of the customers which would improve the business and assist in attaining competitive advantages. Â  Considering these facts, the paper intends to summarise the system of providing training to the employees in Blossoming Garden Centre with the assistance of Learning and Development approach. Through the discussion, the paper will also focus on suggesting a systematic process in order to implement the approach with due significance to the Kolb’s Learning Cycle model. Â  Blossoming Garden Centre is located on the borderline of Lily Rose town where the populace is mostly employed. The booming industries in that region are tourism and entertainment is focussed on recreational services. The organization uses the approach of Learning and Development as an activity, to enhance the skills and behavioral changes of employees. The Learning and Development process involves three most important phases which are, developing the skills of the individual employees, refining the staffs of the organization and to offer expert training which will facilitate both organization and individual improvement. Â  

Classical Managment Essay Example for Free

Classical Managment Essay Historical Foundations of management have been around for years and were first introduced by Fayol around the turn of the century . This essay will discuss three main points and questions around management, the first question will cover how modern management practices have evolved from the â€Å"classical approaches to management†. The second question will cover the challenges contemporary managers face in 2013 compared to managers in the era of the classical approaches and the third question will be around comparing and contrasting bureaucratic management to a style of management I have been faced with. This discussion will pay particular attention to Frederick Taylor’s scientific approach to management. How Modern Management Practices have evolved from the â€Å"Classical Approaches to Management†? The classical management approaches focus on developing universal principles for use in various management situations. There are 3 three major theories within the classical approaches. Scientific management, administrative principles and Bureaucratic organisations and these theories are still widely used in management today. Modern management approaches focus on the systems view of organisations and contingency thinking in a dynamic and complex environment. The modern management approaches to management grew directly from foundations established by the classical approaches. It has been proven in today’s working world you need to have a mix of the classical approaches and the modern management approaches to succeed in today’s environment. According to McDonalds case study the restaurants operate on classical management theory – there are elements of â€Å"scientific management from a former era (to maintain efficiency), as well as up-to-the minute human relations approaches to maintain the motivation of the â€Å"crew†. . Challenges contemporary mangers face in 2013 compared to mangers in the era of Classical approaches. A contemporary business environment refers to management trends in the 21st century – the year 2000 to now. . Globalisation plays a missive part in the changing challenges for contemporary mangers. Most companies move into international markets and by moving into different international markets there are different rules and regulations that need to be learned when doing business. It was Cited in that it is important for global organisations to employ people from other cultures who understand the customs and traditions of other countries and to deal appropriately with customers. This then brings different beliefs and cultural beliefs into the work place and contemporary mangers need to understand the needs of their employees. In today’s working environment multiculitlism is a growing factor and plays a big part in contemporary mangers needing to adapt to different management styles to help create the rights at work for its people, for example if your religion requires you to pray at certain times of the day, a manger would need to respect these religious beliefs and allow you to do so, back in the time if the classical era this would have not even been considered. It wasn’t until 1920s; an emphasis on the human side in the workplace began to establish its influence on management thinking . It was also cited in people are interacting with others who are different from themselves with biological, political, religious or cultural differences. This causes for the contemporary mangers to learn and adapted to new skills. If we look at the evolution of management practices over a period of time off from the era to now. It has changed dramatically and there are more practices to consider and adapt as a contemporary manger. Referring below outlines the evolution of management practices from the era to now and how much more a contemporary manger needs to consider then a manger in the era had to. Evolution of management practices Period /YearClassical Approaches 1890 Systemic Management 1900Bureaucratic Management 1920Administrative Management 1930Human Relations 1940Behavioural perspective Contemporary Approaches 1940Quantitative Management 1950Organisational Behaviour 1960System Theory 1970Contingency Theory 1990Total Quality Management 1990Learning Organisation 2000Business Reengineering CurrentStrategic Management Diversify in the workplace has also grown from the 1890’s to now. The amount of women workers in the work place has doubled over time; women in particular needs are diifernm It was cited in the journal article that Daft and Samson (2009) argued that rganisations are encountering new challenges to deal with diversity as more women and people from minority backgrounds are entering the workforce in the contemporary business environment PART B (some personal reflections) Scientific Management compared and contrast with current management style of what I have been faced with. Fredrick W. Taylor published the Scientific management emphasises careful selection and training of workers, and supervisory support. It has four guiding action principles: 1. if you check your presentation guidelines on page 7 of the Subject Outline and the extra information provided in Resources folder under Assignment Help in MGT100 Interact site you will see that subheadings are quite appropriate in business assessments. You could set you work out with meaningful headings to help guide the reader through your discussion. For example,  · INTRODUCTION (introducing both parts of the discussion)  · PART A (optional heading) SUBHEADING 1 SUBHEADING 2 SUBHEADING 3  · PART B (optional heading) SUBHEADING 4 (e.g. some personal reflections . . )  · CONCLUSION (concluding both parts of the discussion)  · REFERENCES If your writing is very clear then it may not be necessary to include the Part A B headings. Your primary responsibility is to make sure that your essay is clear and understandable to the reader. The best way to ensure this is to get someone else to read your work (preferably not a business student) before you submit. Question 2: I chose option two for the essay, Historical Foundations to Management. When considering ‘classical approaches to management’ is it suggestible that I mention (or cover) all theories, or just a select few which represent a cross section of the range of classical theories? Or, should I focus on only one or two theories? Suggestion: When in doubt put yourself in the reader’s position. The question asks about ‘classical approaches’, think about what you would want to know if you were reading a response to this question from a position of little or no knowledge of management theory. Also think about how many words you have available. That is, the more theories you include the less adequately they will be explained. It’s up to you to work out the balance between scope and detail. You can get away with most things if you explain to the reader in either the Introduction or very early on what your intended scope is (e.g ‘This discussion will pay particular attention to Fayol’s fourteen principles and Taylor’s four principles of management . . . etc). Then the reader doesnt get disappointed to find his or her favourite theory has been omitted. This is what I think I would be silently asking myself:  · What is meant by a ‘classical approach’? and by implication . . .  · How is a ‘classical approach’ different to other approaches?  · How is the writer (you) going to make his case that classical approaches are still/not relevant today? Asking these questions would lead you to the sort of answers you are looking for with regard to ‘required theoretical content’:  · You really need to mention at least briefly the three big names of Taylor, Fayol, and Weber  · You really need to give a nod to the other big approaches such as quantitative, HRM, contemporary  · This is your choice and will be determined by personal interest, the sorts of case examples you use and word limits. You need to include enough material to be convincing. You won’t have to look very far with any of those big names to make a case. I imagine you will only have space for about 2 specific theories Carroll, S. J Gillen D. J. (1984). The Classical Management Functions: Are They Really Outdated? P132-136. doi:10.5465/AMBPP.1984.4978715 Ambang, T, (2009). Challenges of contemporary management in Papua New Guinea, 10(2), p1-16.

The Tragedy of Emma Bovary :: essays research papers fc

The Tragedy of Emma Bovary "I've never been so happy!" Emma squealed as she stood before the mirror. " Let's go out on the town. I want to see Chorus and the Guggenhiem and this Jack Nicholson character you are always talking about." Emma Bovary in Woody Allen's The Kugelmass Episode. As I sit here pondering the life of Emma Bovary I wonder what it must have really been like for her. She was young, younger than I am now when she died. She was curious and bright and probably would have been a great college student; passionate but with her head a little bit in the clouds. Opportunities for women in the 1850's were, as we all know, extremely limited. I wonder if I would have fared much better than Emma if I had been as trapped as her. I also married young, but when I realized it had been a mistake I had the option of a divorce, Emma did not. I have had the opportunity to receive a good education and to choose for myself what path my life would take. I feel very sorry for Emma. Having never been given the opportunity to discover her true self or to develop her dreams and hopes for her future, all she had to base her aspirations on were trashy romance novels. I cannot imagine what my life would be like if all of my teenage curiosity had been forced to be satisfied by nothing but Danielle Steel romance novels. Emma strove to better herself and her situation. She wanted to reach the upper echelon of society; she wanted what we in this country refer to as the "american dream." She wanted more than her parents had. Emma wanted to feel great love and own nice things and live in a wonderful city. These are not things that are alien to most of us. Although it may be amusing to read Woody Allen's‘ #' 0*((a a ‘ take on what Emma Bovary might be like if she went to modern day New York, it must also be realized that he is not completely mistaken in his ideas of her character. In a very humorous manner, Woody Allen is able to sum up Emma's lust for life and her desire to experience and learn new things; to actually go out and live. Perhaps a trip such as the one described in Mr. Allen's short story would have been the thing to save Emma Bovary, although I doubt she would have ever wanted to go back to Yonville as she does in Allen's story.

Plato And Love -- :: essays research papers

Preservation of Biodiversity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human beings have inhabited Earth for just a blink of an eye. Almost any ecosystem can provide resources valuable to humans. “However, recent reports show that approximately 40 percent of the earth’s land surface has been altered by humanity'; (Becher). These altered surfaces have provided communities for humans, but the process has destroyed many native species and ecosystems. Global biodiversity is currently in danger. Estimates vary in how fast a species becomes extinct, from “one species per day to one species per hour'; (Howes). In ancient times, geological activities and natural catastrophes would cause the extinction of species. But today, humans cause extinction through the manipulation of land use, pollution and etc. There are many reasons to preserve biodiversity such as medical advances, contributions to their ecosystem and much more. The primary arguments for preserving global biodiversity can be separated into two categories, human m otives and natural existence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  “Preserving a diversity of life on Earth has come to be an accepted goal for many people'; (Botkin/Keller). Four distinct categories why humans desire to preserve biodiversity are recreational, religious, aesthetic/emotive, and economic/intellectual reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many reasons for preserving biodiversity because of recreation. Children love the sight of exotic animals and other species. The most accommodating site to view a wide variety of species is a zoo and other similar sites. These sites provide jobs and enjoyment for people of all ages. Recreation also means the poaching of animals whether or not they are rare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second reason to preserve biodiversity due to human motives is religion. Preserving a species for religious purposes can be taken two ways. An animal, insect or etc. can be worshipped (i.e. scarab beetles and cats in the days of ancient Egypt) or preserved because a higher being created its existence. Human beings are not all- knowing and all-powerful. Decimating a species should not be our choice, but our actions provide this result daily.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The next reasons are aesthetic and emotive. These can be described by the positive sensations humans see and feel when viewing a living organism. A dollar amount cannot be placed upon these sensations. Beauty of an organism is not always based upon the same standards. Some people may find trees beautiful to view while others may find them taking up needless space. Current generations of species must be preserved so the future generations of children may enjoy what we enjoy today.

Client Server Architecture

In Computer science client-server is a software architecture model consisting of two parts, client systems and server systems, both communicate over computer network or on the same computer. A client-server application is a distributed system consisting of both client and server software. The clientà ¨les always initiates a connection to the server, while the server process always waits for requests from any client. When both the client process and server process are running on the same computer, this is called a single seat setup.Another type of related software architecture is known as peer-to-peer, because each host or application instance can simultaneously act as both a client and a server (unlike centralized servers of the client-server model) and because each has equivalent responsibilities and status. Peer-to-peer architectures are often abbreviated using the acronym POP. The client-server relationship describes the relation between the client and how it makes a service req uest from the server, and how the server can accept these requests, process them, and return the requested information to the linen.The interaction between client and server is often described consequence diagrams. Sequence diagrams are standardized in the Unified Modeling Language. Both client-server and POP architectures are in wide usage today. The basic type of client-server architecture employs only two types of hosts: clients and servers. This type of architecture is sometimes referred to stow-tier. The two-tier architecture meaner that the client acts as one tier and server process acts as the other tier. The client-server architecture has become one of the basic models of network imputing.Many types of applications have being written using the client- server model. Standard networked functions such as E-mail exchange, web access and database access, are based on the client-server model. For example, a web browser is a client program at the user computer that may access infor mation at any web server in the world. Contents [hide] * 1 Clients characteristics * 2 Server characteristics * 3 Advantages * 4 Disadvantages * 5 Examples * 6 Other pages Clients characteristics[change] * Always initiates requests to servers. Waits for replies. * Receives replies. * Usually connects too small number of servers at one time. Usually interacts directly with end-users using any user interface such as graphical user interface. Server characteristics[change] * Always wait for a request from one of the clients. * Serve clients requests then replies with requested data to the clients. * A server may communicate with other servers in order to serve a client request. Advantages[change] * In most cases, a client-server architecture enables the roles and responsibilities f a computing system to be distributed among several independent computers that are known to each other only through a network, so one of advantages of this model is greater ease of maintenance.For example, it is possible to replace, repair, upgrade, or even relocate a server while its clients remain both unaware and unaffected by that change. This independence from change is also referred to as encapsulation. * All the data is stored on the servers, which generally have better security controls than most clients. Servers can better control access and resources, to guarantee that only those clients with the appropriate permissions may access and change data. Since data storage is centralized, updates to that data are much easier to administrators than what would be possible under a POP architecture. Under a POP architecture, data updates may need to be distributed and applied to each â€Å"peer† in the network, which is both time-consuming and error-prone, as there can be thousands or even millions of peers. * Many advanced client- server technologies are already available which were designed to ensure security, user friendly interfaces, and ease of use. Client Server Architecture The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers but as of today those cabinets are no longer cabinets but then powerful I high-end commercial machines which also are used in client server networking as servers and this has overshadowed most of the disadvantages of the old traditional mainframes that led to the many problems as like those faced by Hares company.The disadvantages of the way Mainframes were used in the Good old days is that there was no flexibility as mix and matching was not accommodated but they only revered so-called dumb terminals on the users' desktops meaning you had to be wired to the mainframe to access data, also software platforms were specific and maintenance and system management were costly as every component of the system needed to be maintained. Like any other company would have done to keep up with keep up with growing business demands, Hares implemented its first information s ystem in 1987 purchasing a mainframe computer.But then because of the revolution from the Good Old Days as explained above to the client [server they probably faces all the disadvantages pertaining to flexibility, maintenance and yester management, and it was difficult for them to connect with the outside world and so they had to also change their system to Client/Server . With Client Server advantages of flexibility gives a greater solution space than that which single computer models can achieve. Another advantage is the Openness as number of different platforms can be used in a network; all that is needed is some common protocol for them to communicate.Openness also lives the freedom of choice the implementation at any of the ends It is also reliable and this can be accomplished by production of the same programs and data around a network; this meaner that when en server breaks down another takes over. Servers also can be created specifically for a certain service. Client/server computing is also Scalable as more servers can be added to a network depending on the increase of application demand in though the increase in power is not linear I. E number of servers. And this is what Hares Company is faces in the present proving that also there present problems are not unique as well.The solution to this problem on the other hand is to increase hardware capabilities of the server and desktops. Another problem Hares faces is u to the configuring applications into client-server modules and in modifying the configuration in response to user feedback and this problem is Common in organizations using traditional (2-tier) client server in their business. 2. Suggest alternative architectures that could be used to overcome the problems faced by Hares' current Client/Server technology An alternative Architecture that can over comer problems faced by current Client/ Server is the Three- tier model and N-tier model architectures.Three-tier architecture meets the requiremen ts of large scale Internet and intranet client/server applications. It is more scalable, robust and flexible and can integrate data from multiple sources. This can solve the problem the company is facing of difficulty in configuring applications into client-server modules and in modifying the configuration in response to user feedback as the scalability is wider and the multiple sources of were data can be integrated make it easily possible for user feedback. Three-tier model is also easier to manage and deploy on the network as most of the code runs on the servers.Network interchange between applications is also minimized as abstract levels of service are created were instead of interacting erectly with the client calls business logic on the server. It is the business logic that accesses the database on behalf of the client. Three- tier as compared to tier 2 being used by Hares is less complex but can be centrally managed on the sever as application programs are made visible to sta ndard system management. Security is also high, performance is Better and application reuse is excellent. N tier client server architecture is wider than the 3 tier though the 3 tier can also be considered as an N tier.The N tier has no limits and is able to the growing in number of applications that have spilled over in to the world and is able to meet the challenge of the requirement poised buy these Intergalactic applications. This is because N tier clients frequently combine Middleware tier components within a single business transaction and a component can call other components to help in request and this could be very useful in Hares looking at the problem of user feedback they have as the requesting system will be much better than the one in place. 3. NNE of the suggestions proposed by Hares' IS department is the use of intranet web technology.Examine the pros and cons of such an idea. Intranet is an internal organizational network that uses Internet Protocol technology to sh are information, computing services and operational systems. This can be a company's internal network or a broader part of the organization's technology structure, and can be composed of multiple local area networks. The idea behind this is to organize different user's desktops in the organization at a low cost, also saving time and effort to be more productive, There are so many things that are good about having a functional intranet and that's why the IS department proposed the use of it.Pros of Intranet Single information source-Because data and information are kept in one place in an organized way it reduces on confusion of where information has begin kept and it can be easily accessed when needed as people will always know where to look thus saving on time. Common corporate culture is promoted: The ability for every user to view the same information within the Intranet makes it easy for an organization not to have different information which on the same things.Updates are Immed iate: live coverage of changes to your audience is made possible by Intranets and keeping them up to date thus limiting the company's liability. Time: information to employees is distributed on an as-needed basis. Employees can also access information at their convenience, rather than receiving electronic mail that may distract them indiscriminately. Business management and operations: The Intranet platform is begin used for developing and deploying applications that support business operations and decisions across the world wide web.Cost-effective: Saving on the hustle to maintaining physical documents, users can still view information and data via web-browser and this can save the business money used on printing/ duplicating comments and also maintenance of produced documents. CONS of Intranet Security: It's easy for individuals to have unauthorized access in to the intranet network and they may abuses materials. Software/Hardware incompatibility problems: because of the evolving technology upgrades are needed to keep up with the worlds demands otherwise a lot of problems in functioning of the intranet are faced.Availability of access to all employees: Some of the desks of employees may not have desktops and so it would make it difficult for them to access the intranet at their convenience. Information overload: As time moves on and information is posted n the intranet the presentation and design that helps users to filter out what they don't need, and get only the information that they really want becomes difficult and this begins to consume time thus undermining the advantage of intranet in time. Moderation: In case objectionable content is posted on to the intranet network someone has to clean up the mess.And this is very possible because all users have access and security is not strong so it is prone to cyber crime and so content that is objectionable can easily be posted. 4. Do you think the popularity of intranet software and the Internet pose threats to rotational Client/Server systems? Intranet software is the software that runs on servers and provides service facilities such us HTTP publishing like world which is the worldwide web, searching and indexing and FTP file retrieval facilities.Web browsers are the software used by clients to access pages on the web and because the protocols used by the intranet are the same as those by the web in makes it standard for users to use any web browser that is tested and these can be acquired free of charge or paid for at small cost. The internet is like a gold mine of anything one can need in connection with intranet footwear as one can get everything they need to the proper functionality of intranet networks.And the modern intranet has been able to come out of one building and via the internet basically do the exact thing client/server architecture is all about. In other words intranet software and the internet are a modern client server type of system. Intranet software and the interne t are able to create true intranet applications by employing existing client/server applications and also it is able to integrate applications in the Web browser that normally don't work and play well together.The Intranet then makes it possible for information to become available on the Internet from the same application environment and interface. Because of flexibility of Intranet software to operate on the internet many companies have flown that direction to save cost rather than implementing the traditional client server architecture. It is difficult and costly to spread the traditional client over geographical areas and because the internet makes this easy eliminating the hardware and is more effective the popularity of intranet software has increased and continues to be ore of preference to big organizations today.