What is Organizational Psychology Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is Organizational Psychology Letter - Essay ExampleOrganizational psychology has been in existence since the precedent century - since factories began their operations. The owners of these factories aimed at gaining profits, and they did not consider the employees interest and well-being. Psychologists used their knowledge in testing employees in different occupations. Between 1924 and 1932, psychologist Harry Landsberger discovered that employees performed better when they felt that someone else was arouse in their work, for instance, supervisors in white coats, who carried clipboards, were an inspiration to employees (Cogniphany, 2008). The study of the history of organizational psychology informs us on how far we have come, and the importance of the previous ideas, which can determine the future of organizational psychology.Organizational psychology brought about change in work, after the First World War, the then industrial psychologists were interested in fatigue and eff iciency, and researched on how to design work that would yield maximum profits (Furnham, 2005, p.62). However, the present organizational psychologists are interested in the well-being of employees, and the nub they have on the organization. In 1960, McGregor differentiated between the assumptions that managers have on employees. Theory X stated that the supervision approach is determined by managers pile on human nature. This theory insists that human beings hate working therefore, they must be controlled or punished for organizational goals to be achieved.Therefore, high levels of control would be exercised by managers who support theory X. whilst theory Y insisted on the application of less control, this theory acknowledges that people view work as a congenital activity, and therefore, they are committed to work if they are motivated with rewards (Furnham, 2005, p.67). The Hawthorne effect indicated that employees respond positively to change in the work

Organization development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Organization development - Case Study ExampleThe Nissan Company was experiencing a number of jobs after 17 years of exportation its vehicles known as Datsun cars to USA. The companies become the top selling import in the market of US. Even though the sporty datsun gained popularity due to its reputation as the crowning(prenominal) thrill machine, there were a number of management missteps that led to long-lasting decline of the community from 1980. First there was the change of brand name from Nissan to Datsun which was not popular. Secondly, there was little infusion of innovative in their popular car Z. This led to its decline in popularity hence few people went for it. In appendage to its already faced problems, there was even more trouble as Nissan was unable to establish flexible relationships with its suppliers.It was also recorded that, their parts were extremely high-ticket(prenominal) as ranged from 15 to 20% above domestic competitors. This was obviously the decision o f management to set prices high but as it was found out it was a wrong strategy as it led to a decline in sales (Covey 28).Nissan also faced competition that was unfavorable from Honda that led to Nissan having an expense of gibibyte$. This was a discount offered to consumers who purchased their vehicles. All these challenges forced Nissan to restructure their plans but were not successful since they faced powerful trade unions which were against the layoff of workers.Renault was another company which was facing problems for voice in the year 1984 it experienced a loss of $2.4 billion. Among the reasons was how managers or heads of departments turned the separated silos into baronies that made it hard for cross functionality to take place in the company. The company also had embraced a narrow minded culture whose basis of thinking was one that was at the expense of a view that was larger.Renault was also experiencing a problem of additional unnecessary expenses through the operati on of some of its plants.

Education in Saudi Arabia and the United States of America Essay Example for Free

Education in Saudi Arabia and the United States of America EssayEducation continues to be the antecedency of all nations around the world. Countries devote vast resources to ensure equal opportunity to study for their people. In return, the educated seg manpowert of the population bring abouts the wealth of these nations and will much likely meet the social and economic demands of the country. The teaching methodal systems are continuously buzz offed to meet not just the local but also the orbicular demands and challenges. It is more appropriate to look at the disparity on the instruction sector of atomic number 53 country to another in order to determine what necessitate to be improved and developed in ones preceptal system. This paper aims to give up an assessment on the similarities and differences of education in two countries, Saudi Arabia and the United States of America (USA). The education in Saudi Arabia and the USA are similar in terms of government spending on education, freedom to get the indoctrinate where they will attend to, and education for people with special needs, while differ in terms of attitude towards education, literacy rate, religion in school, gender roles, equalisation scales, and stages of education. Both the Saudi Arabia and USA government spend immense resources on the education sector.The Saudi Arabia governments increased awareness on the brilliance of education to its people paved way to its provision of bountiful support to education. Like the USA government, the Saudi Arabia government finance general education for many(prenominal) boys and girls. It also provides free post-secondary education and offers financial help to students. At cases, meals, books, and transportation are subsidized. In the same way, the USA government offers free general and post-secondary education for all financed by the government. In both countries, students are also allowed to choose what school they will attend to.They have t he options to enroll in public, private, or cornerstone school. Most of the parents prefer to send their children in public school practically because they are much free from burden. There were also those who prefer private schools view that these schools might provide better, quality education to their children especially for those seeking a competitive edge in college admission. A few considers home schooling go around for their children for reasons that they can effectively tailor a curriculum that would best suit their childrens academic strengths and weaknesses, especially those with disabilities.Aside from home schooling, those with disabilities may be displace to schools which will cater to their needs like schools for the blind, deaf, physically and mentally handicapped, among others (Education, 2005). The Saudi Arabia and USA governments have put on these schools to encourage individuals to their full potential and dole out social and emotional experiences with their p eers having the same conditions as themselves. The curricula in the special classes disposed to the students were tailored fit to their needs.For instance, the educational programs apt(p) to the blind and deaf individuals were different. For sure, blind students were legal opinion of using Braille while deaf students do not. One variation the Saudi Arabia and the USA government have is the attitude towards education. In the USA, school attending is mandatory and nearly universal at primary and secondary levels. School districts meet to discuss school curricula, funding, teaching, and other policies to further improve the education in the state. On the other hand, in Saudi Arabia, the government does not impose mandatory attendance in school.Although, it is encouraged that the free primary and secondary education are availed since education is given free and open to every citizen. The literacy rate for the two countries presented, are varied. The USA literacy rate is estimated at 99% for both men and women, whereas, literacy rate in Saudi Arabia is estimated at only 84. 7% for men and 70. 8% for women (Literacy, 2007). The Saudi Arabia government recognizes the importance of literacy in propelling the economy hence, one of its objectives for the education sector is to eradicate illiteracy especially among adults and girls through several literacy programs.In the USA, despite the high literacy rate, the government is continually implementing programs to further develop the education sector. Religion is the main core of education in Saudi Arabia. The curricula developed conform to the Shariah (Islamic holy law) and the Quran. Men were trained of Islamic education to become members of religious clergy. They provide religious secondary education with focus primarily on Islamic and Arabic studies, although, the curriculum also includes general education. The schools which administer these were imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University and the Islamic University of Medinah (Sedgwick, 2001).On the contrary, education in the USA is not focused on religion but there are some schools which may offer religion subjects that are not quite extensive as religion studies in Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, education is discriminate by sex. Education for boys is different from education for girls. Education is divided into three separately administered systems general education for boys, education for girls and traditional Islamic education for boys (Sedgwick, 2001). However, in the recent years, education for girls was continuously being developed to meet the growing demands of the country.Unlike in the USA, education is offered to both sexes, giving them equal opportunity to study. The educational programs that were developed cater to both sexes. Grading scales were prepared to gauge the students performance on school. Grading scales in the USA and Saudi Arabia differ. In the USA, marks were given on the scale of A to F. In the criterion-referenced s ystem, the equivalent grades of these to 0 to 100 percentile are as follows A=95-100 or 90-100, B=85-95 or 80-90, C=75-85 or 70-80, D=65-75 or 60-70, and F is given to marks below 65 or 60.There is also the norm-referenced system where marks are given as follows A=top 10% of the class, B=next 20% of the class, C=next 30% of the class, D=next 20% of the class, and bottom 20% of the class (Grading systems, n. d). On the contrary, the grading scale in Saudi Arabia was given as follows 5=90-100, 4=80-89, 3=70-79, 2=60-69, and 1=0-59 (Sedgwick, 2001). The stages of education in both countries also vary. Education in Saudi Arabia starts with primary, followed by secondary, and higher education. Primary education is for ages 6 to 12. An intermediate education, which is part of primary education, is carried out for ages 12 to 15.Secondary education is divided into three general, religious, and technical. These are taken by ages 15 to 18. The higher education is also divided into three stage s the baccaloreus (bachelors degree-4 years), darajat al majisteer (masters degree 2years), and doctoorah (doctorate minimum of 3 years) (Sedgwick, 2001). On the other hand, education in the USA is composed of these stages preschool (1 or 2 yrs), elementary/middle/high school (12 yrs), associate, bachelors, masters, and doctorate degrees (Structure General Information, n. . ).The differences in education in both countries mainly lie on their history, culture, social and economic conditions, whereas, the similarities were bought about by their desire to provide accessible, quality education free and open to all. Education stimulates the people to contribute to its country in addressing the increasing local and global demands. This motivates the countries to improve and further develop its educational system.

Thought and Reflection Grading Criteria Essay Example for Free

Thought and Reflection Grading Criteria EssayThe assignment will be graded according to the following criteria1) Clarity The intent of the writer is clear.2) Logic The answer makes sense.3) Answers question The questions are addressed fully.4) Mechanics Answers contain proper punctuation mark and grammar.How do individuals acquire and develop language? How do you personally communicate your thoughts and how did you learn to do that? Individuals acquire and develop language by dint of our brain function. viva and auditory helps communicate verbal signals whether it be grunting and crying from a baby when their hungry. The auditory part of this allows us to speak and listen. We also develop language through physical and verbal using facial expressions, eye contact along with various other forms to communicate through language. I communicate my thoughts through speaking, facial gestures and listening. I learned this mostly from home environment, school, media, and peers.Based on your own experiences, what are some symbols (e.g., allowters of the alphabet) people use to communicate? Based on my own experience I have learned that lol meaning laughing out loud. I learned this from my god-daughter just over the summer. OMG is short termination for Oh MY Gosh. This is a term I learned on Facebook. I learned bff means best friends forever all the new reality shows use this to let the media know friendship status among Hollywood stars. The different terms and meanings really show me how media and communication has changed along with technology.Explain how you think these symbols are related to censorious thinking? These symbols are related to critical thinking in a lot of ways because you have to think before using. Example Timing- when using the symbols higher up you can non use them anywhere any time. When being interviewed and the question asked is how did you find our company? The information came from your bestfriend you cannot answers my bff. If respondi ng to your previous professor in an email you would not use any of the mentioned abbreviations to answer further questions. When using these terms you have to consider when, how, tone of using.

Understand the Effects of Sport in the Development of Children Essay Example for Free

Understand the Effects of Sport in the Development of Children EssaySocial effectChildren who regular play athletic competition mother showed differences compared with those who dont. There are many social factors but I have highlighted the main ones. These social factors base be used later in behavior maybe to have view for work colleagues.Learning respect for othersWhen participating in local cavorts teams children tend to have respect for their team mates, but also their opponents. Due to the sex difference during school boys tend to be outside whereas girls play indoors. Because of boy playing sport outside they tend to learn finishing setting, independent roles, techniques to improve performance and settle dispute. Whereas girls tend to aid better and have good patience.Development of coping abilityWhen children play matches or games there are only one winning team but there is also a losing team. When losing the children will have to cope with disappointment and have respect for teamwork and the opposing team. When winning it will teach the children to have respect for the opposing side.Improved cooperation skillsA successful team will need to cooperate to do well in a competition, so when children play in a competition in a team sport the performers will need to cooperate with each other, when older they can cooperate with people and consider other peoples feelings and views.Improved emotional wellbeingParticipating in regular sports can drop stress, it has been shown that boy and girls who play for teams have shown a greater ability to relax and avoid headache and back pains to those who dont play regular sports.Psychological effectsPlaying sport at an early age can have psychological effects which include an increase of motor skills, development of a horse sense of success and mishap, these all can be used later in life.Increase range of motor skillsCoaches and family encourage their children to play a range of sport because regular p articipation in sports improves hand eye coordination, coordination and balance. This representation they will be good at a range of sports and when they grow up they can use these motor skills to understand tasks.Greater confidence and self esteemChildren who participate in sport tend to more confident in their abilitys compared to those who dont. This means they will be comfortable in social situations and when a challenge comes across they will find a solution.Developed sense of success and failureAs a regular participant in sport you will have to face success and failure when losing you will need to accept your firing and look where you went wrong, when winning you will need to have respect for your opponent.Increased motivationChildren play sport for many reasons they can include pride, challenge of competition, appetite and determination to succeed. These reasons will make children determined and motivated to succeed in their sport.Physiological effectsPhysiological effects can include a build of factors which include improved general health and improved fitness.Improved general healthSports serve as an excellent physical exercise. Those who play sports have a more positive body image than those who do not. Playing sports often involves physical activities like running, jumping and stretching and moreover a constructive intake of energy. Playing sports since an early age strengthens the bones and muscles and tones ones body. Thus sports provide the body with a complete exercise.Improved fitnessAfter all, nearly every sport involves some kind of physical exercise, which is one of the key components of a healthy lifestyle. While a single sport can still do wonders for your body, by participating in a variety of them, you can work different muscles. For example, while football is more about strength, rugby involves more speed.

Factors that Influence Police Discretion

Factors that Influence Police Discretion1) What is discretion? Name and describe the factors that may ordertle an individual officers discretion in qualification decisions involving a criminal suspect. (6 pts)Discretion is the exercise of choice by law enforcement officers in the decision to investigate or apprehend the disposition of suspects, the carrying out of decreed duties, and the application of sanctions. The cops drop the power to decide whether to act depending on the judgment they feel they must make. In some situations certain people ar non handled as strictly as others (an example would be if someone was to get pulled over for speeding and they get a ticket for something else). Studies of police discretion have found that a number of factors influence the discretionary decisions of the individual officers1. The Background of the officers Law enforcement officers bring to the job all their previous life experiences. Family values much(prenominal) as socializatio n through the family as well as attitudes that influence the decision of the officer. If an officer has learned prejudice against certain ethnic groups for example, this is in all probability to influence the decision an officer will make.2. Characteristics of the suspect Demeanor, style of dress and grooming may influence police discretion. Poorly groomed suspects can expect less(prenominal) respectful treatment. Some officers treat men and woman differently. Very rarely will an officer arrest a woman. Another characteristic would be the in the flesh(predicate) style of the individual or group. Examples would be bikers attire or people with outlandish haircuts are more likely to be arrested than someone with a professional haircut.3. Department Policy- This is not entirely subject to control by official policy, but can influence it. If a department has targeted certain kinds of offenses or if supervisors adhere to strict enforcement guidelines and closely monitor dispatches and other communications, the discretionary release of suspects will be quite rare.4. Community Interest- Public attitudes toward certain crimes will growth the likelihood of arrest for hazard offenders. Contemporary attitudes toward crimes involving children- including sex abuse, sale of drugs to minors, domestic violence involving children and child pornography- have all lead to increased and strict enforcement of laws. erstwhile the community has voiced its concern over the problem, the police respond with a series of highly effective arrests. The departments that require a police officer to give way in the state that he/she patrols make them more aware of the effects of crime on the community and they respond better than a person who doesnt consist in their district.5. Pressure from Victims- When victims refuse to file a complaint are usually associated with certain crimes such as spousal abuse. When victims refuse to cooperate with the police, thither is often little that can be done. On the other hand, some victims are local in insisting in the victimization and can slow be dealt with. Victim-assistance groups have sought to keep pressure on police departments and individual instigators to ensure the arrest and prosecution of suspects.6. Disagreement with the law- Some laws lack an less-traveled consensus. Some of the laws that deal with victimless offenses are gambling, homointimateity, lesbianism, prostitution and drug use. Some laws are not even in certain jurisdictions. Unpopular laws are not likely to bring much attention from law enforcement officers. If an arrest were to occur, it could be because an officer digs deeper into his/her investigation and reveals something more serious about the crime.2) Name and describe the four historical eras of policing as discussed in the book. (4 pts)The four historical eras (epochs), are distinguishable by the relative dominance of a particular orgasm to police operations. They are the political era, refo rm era, the community policing era, and the homeland security era.1. Political sequence The first period, the political era, was characterized by close ties between police and humankind officials. It began in 1840 and ended around 1930s. Throughout the period, American police agencies tended to serve the interest of powerful politicians first, and providing public- pose services almost as an afterthought.2. Reform Era- The second period, the reform ear, began in the 1930s and lasted until the 1970s. It was characterized by pride in professional crime fighting. Police departments focused more on solving traditional crimes, such as murder, rape, burglary, and cerebrate on capturing offenders.3. The Community Policing Era The third period, and the one that characterizes much of policing in America today, is the community policing era. This era started in the 1970s and is in time present today. This was an approach to policing that stresses the service role of police officers and envisions a partnership between police agencies and their communities. Agencies focused on the service role of police officers.4. Policing to Secure the Homeland Era The fourth period, policing to secure the homeland era, is quite new and continues to evolve. This era grew with national concerns with terrorism prevention born of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. In this era agencies focused on causes of crime outside of the immediate community (country).3) What are the dangers of police work? What can be done to reduce those dangers? (5 pts)Some dangers of police work implicate violence in the line of duty, risk of disease and infected demonstrate, and stress and fatigue among police officers.1. Violence in the line of duty In 2007, 188 American law enforcement officers were killed in the line of duty. These officers were kind-hearted, and laid back, and well liked in the community.2. Risk of disease and infected evidence -Routine criminal and accident investigations hold the strength for infection through transmission of evidence.3. Stress and fatigue among police officers Traumatic events, like hurricanes, terrorist attacks, and violent confrontations are instantly stressful. These can affect police officers languish term.Diet and exercise can decrease stress and fatigue, along with getting more sleep and taking care of their body.4) What ethnic and gender differences characterize policing today? What is the social significance of this variety show? (5 pts)Today many departments have dramatically increased their complement of officers from unrepresented groups. There are not as many African American officers or other ethnic officers compared to white (Caucasian) officers in the field. Although ethnic minorities are now employed in policing in significant numbers, women are still significantly underrepresented. The 2001 Status of woman in policing survey conducted that woman fill only 12.7% of all sworn law enforcement positions nationwide The social significance of this diversity is that woman and African Americans and other ethnic groups will actually benefit the policing departments making them better, well-rounded officers, it would help the discrimination of particular ethnic or sexual groups.5) Be able to explain the ruling of each of the following cases and what area of policing the ruling affect (ex search and seizure, arrest, interrogation, etc) (10 pts)A) Mapp v. Ohio (1961)b) Aguilar v. TX (1964)c) Escobedo v. IL (1964)d) Miranda v. AZ (1966)e) Harris v. US (1968)f) Weeks v. US (1914)g) US v. Leon (1984)h) US v. Borchardt (1987)i) Kyllo v. US (2001)j) US v. Grubbs (2006)A. Mapp V. Ohio (1961) This case was decided to change the face of American law enforcement forever, made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecutions at the identical level beginning with the now- famous Mapp case the Warren Court charted a course that would guarantee nationwide recognition of individual rights as it underst ood them, by agencies at all levels of the criminal justice system.(The area of policing the ruling affected Search and Seizure)B. Aguilar V. TX (1964) -The case of paid informants. The case of Aguilar v. Texas clarified the use of informants and established a two-pronged test. The US court ruled that informant information could establish probable cause if both of the following criteria are met. 1. The source of the informants information is made clear, and 2. The police officer has a reasonable belief that the informant is reliable. The two-pronged test was intended to prevent the issuance of warrants on the basis of false or fabricated info. (Schmallenger, Frank, 2010).(The area of policing the ruling affected Search and Seizure)C. Escobedo v. IL (1964) -In the case of Escobedo vs. Illinois, the right to have legal counsel present during police interrogation was recognized.(The area of policing the ruling affected Interrogation)D. Miranda v AZ (1966) -This case established the wel l-known Miranda Warnings. In this case involving Enesto Miranda, who was arrested in Phoenix, Arizona, and was accused of having kidnapped and raped a woman.(The area of policing the ruling affected Interrogation)E. Harris v US (1968) Police officers have the opportunity to begin investigations or to confiscate evidence, without a warrant based on what they find in plain-view and open to public inspection. The plan-view doctrine was succinctly stated in the US Supreme court case of Harris v. US.(The area of policing the ruling affected Search and Seizure)F. Weeks v US (1914) Freemont Weeks was suspected of using US mail to sell lottery tickets, which is a federal crime. Weeks was arrested and feral agents went into his home to conduct a search. They had no search warrant. They confiscated many items for evidence as well as the suspects personal possessions, including clothes, books, papers, and even candy.(The area of policing the ruling affected Search and Seizure)G. US v Leon (1 984) In the 1984 case of US v Leon, the court recognized what has come to be called the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule.(The area of policing the ruling affected Search and Seizure)H. US v Borchardt (1987) The case of Us v. Borchardt, decided by the 5th circuit court of Appeals, held that Ira Eugene Borchardt could be prosecuted for heroin uncovered during medical treatment, even though the defendant had objected to the treatment. Because of this case guidelines for conducting emergency warrantless searches of individuals came into effect, and in order to use evidence against an offender in a warrantless search certain criteria has to be met.(The area of policing the ruling affected Arrest)I. Kyllo v Us (2001) This case set the standard on how technology can be used to the police based on the results of a warrantless search conducted by officers using a thermal-imaging stratagem to detect if his housing was giving off more heat than the other houses, investigators applied for a search warrant for Kyllos home.(The area of policing the ruling affected Arrest)J. US v Grubbs (2006) -The constitutionality of Anticipatory warrants was affirmed in 2006, in the US Supreme court Case of US v. Grubbs.

Project Schedule And Budgeting

advise Schedule And Budgeting send oversight provides an integrated frame lead for witness organisation, planning and reckon which is designed to ensure the punctual and cost effective productions of e genuinely(prenominal) products and services and maintain high quality standard of products and services to satisfy wholly stakeholders interest.A mold approach to take in management lay criterion by step procedures that a chuck manager pauperization to take to effectively manage the job and satisfy both stakeholders interest. For instance, the Risk Management Process forget tell how to identify, analyse and monitor endure risks more effectively. It also describes the roles and responsibilities of each team member, when victorious part in escort risk management.A process approach starts with initiations and whence goes through planning, implementation, monitoring and control and then finalisation of the project. So a project has a life where it starts and then after a finite period of time it lasts. Some projects atomic number 18 small that only matter from some hours whereas some polish for years. Because need for specialisation, most of the projects needs multidisciplinary teams. These teams members be most of the time belong to the p atomic number 18nt organisation simply some of the work argon being make by subcontractors, consultants or partners. Organisations that are involved in the projects are sometime find it very difficult to coordinate with each other(a)s and this is the big challenge for the project manager to cope with this problem. Time pressure , limited budgets , tight cash flows and uncertainty always require project manager to make trade-offs between these factors with the unuttered goals of balancing risks and benefits.Skyscraper (Burj khalifa) World Tallest building in DubaiBurj khalifa is the world tallest building in Dubai with 164 floors. This is an motion-picture acquaintic building with the end of the worl d architecture design and wonder of sword building. With 900 rooms and home of numerous indoor entertainments, this project was a big challenge. After 6 years, this dream comes true with the silver refreshfulspaper column shaped thwart standing in the heart of U.A.E.A Process ApproachA process is a group of activities that are designed to transform an input into an output. This shift consists of the data and training, conclusiveness making and implementation and control. Firstly, design of a process must address about the data. What arse be the data resources, how the data should be collected, stored, retrieved and presented to decision makers. Secondly, the presentation required to decision makers should be clear and transparent. When a real problem is too complicated to solve or some teaching is missing, simplifying assumption are made and model is developed. Lastly, data and model integration should be utilise. Data from the database should be integrated with the help of model and then information generated from the model by utilise data of data based should be presented to the decision makers. A ascertain process yield different stages involve in it.Those are (1) Initiation (2) planning and control (3) closure (2)3.1 InitiationEvery project has a start point. Before start of the project, interest of certain stakeholders is discussed and need for project is finalised. There forget be a variety of ideas and opinions about the purpose and scope of the project, what the final product of the project will be, and how the project will be carried out. The Project Initiation phase is concerned with taking these ideas and intentions and developing them into a formal, planned, resourced and funded project. Burj khalifa was decided by the ruler of Dubai Sheik Muhammad. It was just a division in the mind of His Highness Mr.Muhammad.Later that theme was discussed and decided to build that building(project).Project is not started yet. But these are the interest of certain stakeholders (3)3.2 PlanningThis stage starts with the handing over of project to the organisation or separate who will manage it. metre 1 Project Kick OffThe project was kicked off with the handover of assignment to EMAAR (Abu Dahbis biggest construction Comp any)Step 2 Project Objective ScopeIn order to define a project in this way, it is first necessary to clearly and explicitly define what the project is intended to achieve and what its scope of interest will be. By defining this first, a benchmark is created for assessing the quality of what is factually produced at the end of the project. So this project was discussed with the members of the government to Dubai to the part of recognition of Dubai as an international business city. The Scope of the project was high as this was $1.5 billion and it was supposed to be an icon for Dubai. The objective of the project was to present Dubai as an international city in front of world. It is also necessary to devel op a process by which the project objectives ass be achieved. Work Breakdown Structure is a technique to draw the structure of the process that needs to be done in the project. A WBS diagram expresses the project scope in simple graphic terms. The diagram starts with a single box or other graphic at the top to represent the entire project. The project is then divided into components, with related activities listed under them. Generally, the upper components are the deliverables and the lower level elements are the activities that create the deliverables. (4)(2) http//www.projectsmart.co.uk/pmbok.html(3) http//burj-khalifa.eu/have/tall-order(4) htttp//www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/2645.aspxStep 3 Project Schedule and BudgetingProject was memoriald to complete in 4 years merely it finished in 6 years. Starting time was January 2004 and it was planned to finished in 2008.Its budget was $1.5 billion. There are different tools and technique that can be used to m anage document and budgeting. One is Gantt graph that is just about for many years. These are excellent models for programming and for budgeting, and for reporting and presenting and communicating project plans and progress easily and quickly, but as a rule Gantt Charts are not as impregnable as a unfavourable Path Analysis Flow Diagram for identifying and showing interdependent factors, or for mapping a plan from and/or into all of its full pointed causal or contributing elements. Critical Path Analysis is another technique that is being used for the scheduling of the project. This method calculates the minimum completion time for a project along with the possible start and finish times for the project activities. Indeed, many texts and managers regard critical path scheduling as the only usable and practical scheduling procedure. Computer programs and algorithms for critical path scheduling are wide available and can efficiently handle projects with thou smoothens of activit ies. (5)Step 4 Project OrganizationA South Korean company South Korean company, Samsung engineering science Construction, which also did work on the PETRONAS twin towers and Taipei 101.Step 5 Project Control ProceduresControl of every stage of the process is important as this will affect the next stage. This process will typically involve comporting out a number of tasks and producing a number of products during the course of the project. The tasks produce the products. For pellucidness of purpose and for control reasons it is useful to arrange these tasks in a top down structure, which progressively specify the required work in more detail. Burj khalifa tower project was divided into several(prenominal) small chunks and then each stage was control with a different procedure.Step 6 Project Initiation Stage AssessmentInitial stage also defines what resources and associated time commitment are required to carry out the project. The work breakdown structure provides a groundwork f rom which this estimation can be carried out. The resource and time commitment can be used to calculate an end date for the project and an estimate of its cost. Resources compulsory for Burj khalifa was important to manage the flow of work. Steel was used in a very big amount which was imported from India. As the land of Dubai is mostly sand and for the safety purpose, the basement was filled with the soil from other part of the world.The boilersuit project schedule is not in detail to enable the allocation of actual resources to tasks, or to control progress. It is very important to produce a more detailed plan for these purposes. This detailed plan is only produced for the next stage of the project, commonly covering an elapsed time of two to four months.(5)http//pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/10_Fundamental_Scheduling_Procedures.htmlThe way the project is managed and executed is the key to its success. The involvement of the right people for data capture and decision making is also very imp ortant. It is necessary to recruit these people at the start of the project and to define the project organization structure. It is also necessary to progress the procedures that will be used by the people in the Project Organization Structure to carry out and control the project work.Step 7 Business CaseFinally, in order to establish a resourced and funded project, it is necessary to establish a clear and convincing business side for the project. This business case should be reviewed, and hopefully accepted by management. The business case will identify the projected benefits of meeting the objectives of the project, and balance these against the costs and risks associated with realizing these benefits. The business case can also be used as a benchmark to compare against actual results, costs and benefits in order to assess the ultimate success of the project. The Project Initiation stage is described here as a sequence of steps. In reality, once the objective and scope have been defined, many of these steps lapse in parallel, and the step products are developed iteratively, since there are many dependencies between the steps. It is necessary to plan the Project Initiation stage, albeit in an informal manner. and then it is important to create a Project Initiation Kick off Plan scheduling the activities and resources. (6)3.3 ExecutionDuring this stage of the project, the focus should be on carrying out the work planned for the stage there are many project management activities that need to be carried out in addition to the project work itself .These activities are arranged into a series of steps. A step to initiate the stage, steps that are carried out on an on-going basis throughout the stage, steps that are carried out at the end of the stage and a step that is only carried out in an exception situation.To control the follow of the process and to manage activities during the process stages, project manager should monitor and control project progress, th rough the use of regular checkpoints involving the project team and formal reviews with project board. Also, quality of the product and stirs in the baselined products are also managed. There can be many issues that arose during the processes and those issues should be removed. The constructions of Burj Khalifa was not easy as the building moves on, the filling of concrete into the walls was a problem. The perpendicular method was used to put the concrete from the top. It was a risky as well as technical challenge. Also, the use of heavy machinery from the top and how to fix that machinery on the top was also an issue of safety. Several of the activities will result in changes to the stage schedule. The Stage coach-and-four should ensure that these changes are made smoothly, and that these changes are communicated to all concerned. Any changes made to individual work assignments should be confirmed in the regular checkpoint meetings. If there as any issue arises during any stage then stage plan will be changed to manage that deviation.(6)http//dijest.com/tools/pmworkbench/pmtemplates/pmoredocs/pmprocess.htm3.4 Monitoring and ControlThe documents of all the processed and stages should be managed and update regularly. Electronic and hardcopy file structures are doctor up to consistently maintain and administer project management and development products. All documentation procedures for the stage should be established and the team should understand what these are for, how they are used, and what their individual responsibilities are.Emaar establish a database for the Burj Khalifa project to monitor all the process and to discuss it with all the management involved in the process to show what is going on. This enables the project manager and other faculty to communicate each other more precisely and take appropriate action if there is any deviation. The whole project was broken down into small projects and whole team was divided into small project teams who control these small projects.A Project dining table of Burj Khalifa is the executive authority of a project. It authorizes the project to proceed, approve any change or if possible stop the project. It enters in to a contract with the Project Manager through the Project Initiation, Project and Stage Plans, to provide the executive support and resources required to execute a project which will deliver the specified products to schedule and budget. The Project Board should view the project as an investment intended to yield gain business benefits. Failure to achieve those benefits reflects as untold upon the control exercised by the Project Board as it does on the execution of responsibilities by the Project Manager and Project Team. The Project Board meet at the end of each stage, including Project Initiation, to review the achievements of the concluded stage and authorize proceeding to the next. Project Manager schedule standing Project Board meetings at the arising of the projec t. Confirm the logistics of the next meeting, namely date, time and conference room. Also, project manager report to the Project Board the results of the Post Implementation Review.This assess the performance of the new system against the objectives planned. It also identifies and captures metrics and factors that will improve the development process.PERT analysis is used to monitor the activities along with Gantt chart and CPA (Critical Path analysis)3.5 Project plosive Every project has a life. It starts and then after some time it ends. All good things must come to an end. Projects are designed to end at some point that is the nature of project work. Burj Khalifa project started in Jan 2004 and it finished in Jan 2010.To gain maximum benefit from a project, the project went through a formal close down.There may be some outstanding work that needs to be carried out on the products of the project.The project will have been using several lists and tracking mechanisms, such as the c hange request log and the issues log.These need to be formally closed.The members of the Project Organization will have learnt how to carry out this type of project better in the future, and will have a better idea of how long the various activities on this type of project will take to do.These learnings should be captured for future use.There will be a lot of information generated during a project, and this will have been stored with varying degrees of formality by the members of the Project Organization.This information needs to be formally filed away for possible future use.By this time in the project,all project work should have been accurate, and the products of the project should have been accepted by the customers.It is possible however, that the final products do not fully meet the original objectives and requirements.Before the project is completely finished, any outages in the products should be determine and evaluated.If it is decided that the outages need to be fixed, it will be necessary to set up a mechanism to carry this out.This may be by a new project,or a maintenance program.Make sure that the evaluation includes an evaluation against the Business Success Criteria that were defined during the Project Initiation Stage.However, it is also important to evaluate the overall quality of the final product in respect of its ability to meet current requirements.Review the changes that are recommended to the process used on the project. Examine each change and decide if it is likely to apply to future projects of this type.Change the standard process based on these reasons.(7)Project in which Scheduling is not importantAs all the projects have an integral part i.e. scheduling. Scheduling is an important part of any project as this break down the work in small chunks that are easy to manage. But there are some projects in which scheduling are not important. For example the project of US war with Afghanistan. War is started but there is not set schedul e of procedding.Plans are changing within an hours or days but no clear schedule .There are no stages involve as everything happening as the change of weather. Although this project has a starting point and there will be an ending point but there is not set process for that.Work Breakdown StructureA challenging project is made manageable by first rift it down into individual components in the work breakdown structure, or the WBS.This is a hierarchical structure that shows that main part and then its subparts.This is divided into small chunks that can easily be managed by the management as compared to whole big project. Such a structure defines tasks that can be completed independently of other tasks, facilitating resource allocation, assigning responsibilities to different people, and measurement and control of the project.Each organization uses its own terminology for Work Breakdown Structure components according to their own needs. For example, some organizations refer to differe nt levels as main tasks, sub-tasks, and work packages, as shown below. Others use the different terms phases, entries, and activities.The WBS may be organized around deliverables or phases of the project life cycle. Higher levels in the structure generally are performed by groups. The lowest level in the hierarchy often comprises activities performed by individuals, though a WBS that emphasizes deliverables does not necessarily specify activities.(7) http//theconstructor.org/structures/burj-khalifa-dubai-opening-ceremony/1003/The breaking down of a project into its component parts facilitates resource allocation and the assignment of individual responsibilities. Care should be taken to use a proper level of detail when creating the WBS. On the one extreme, a very high level of detail is likely to result in micro-management. On the other extreme, the tasks may become too large to manage effectively. Defining tasks so that their duration is between several days and a few months works well for most projects.(8)Below is the work breakdown structure used in construction and related to Burj khalifa8(8)http//www.netmba.com/operations/project/wbs/(9)Case study about scope-cost-time integrated model with work breakdown structure http//cife.stanford.edu/online.publications/WP115.pdfGantt chartsGantt Charts are very useful project management tools that is used mostly in scheduling and budgeting. The Gantt chart is named after US engineer and consultant Henry Gantt (1861-1919) who devised the technique in the 1910s.Gantt charts are excellent models for scheduling and for budgeting, and for reporting and presenting and communicating project plans and progress quickly. Gantt chart can be constructed by using MS Excel. Every activity has a separate bar. realize a time-line for the duration of the project.Colour can be used to show the time blocks to denote type of activity (for example, digging, piling, concreting, finishing, etc.). A Gantt chart can be used to keep track o f progress for each activity and how the costs are running. In Burj khalifa project, Gantt chart helps to manage step by step activity. The time blocks around can be moved to report on actuals versus planned, and to re-schedule, and to create new plan updates. Costs columns can show plan and actuals and variances, and calculate whatever totals, averages, ratios, etc., that you need. Gantt Charts are probably the most flexible and useful of all project management tools, but remember they do not very easily or plain show the importance and inter-dependence of related parallel activities, and they wont obviously show the necessity to complete one task before another can begin. Project planning tools naturally become used also for subsequent project reporting, presentations, etc., and you will make life easier for everyone if you use formats that people recognize and find familiar. (10)Critical Path AnalysisCritical path analysis / method are an effective way to analyse complex projects .CPA represents the critical set of activities to complete a project. Critical path helps us to focus on important activities which are critical to run the project. Once the critical activities are identified, we can devote good resources and prioritize the same accordingly. CPA also gives us a very good basis for scheduling and monitoring for progress.One of the most important thing it does is allows the project manager to concentrate on important activities.This method takes the longest time then the other methods.(10) http//www.businessballs.com/project.htm(11) Mind Mapping Case Study to Support Gantt chart methodhttp//www.matchware.com/en/forms/mindview2%20case%20studies/case_history_form.pdfCPM models the activities and events of a project as a network. Activities are presented as nodes on the network and events that signify the beginning or ending of activities are presented with lines between the nodes. The above is an example of a CPM network diagram. (13)Success of Burj Kha lifa ProjectBurj Khalifa was not just a project. Its a milestone in the history of Dubai which enhances the acoustic projection of Dubai in the modern world. As we land on Dubai airport, this tower welcomes you with its shinning image from Arabian Sea. Its a design of human intelligence which satisfied all its stakeholders with zip below then positivity. As this is the tallest tower, the gravity was an issue which was solved with the design. The success of the project is that it is the only highest man made tower on the earth which was completed finally in 2010. Secondly, the world famous designer ARMANI opens its store in the tower. Also, the world famous business is going to open their offices in that tower.SummaryProject management of a powerful field with its knowledge of managing from a small activity to massive project.This field is very interesting in the sense that it provides step by step approach to finish a particular job. I researched many case studies from a construct ion to the Deli Olympics, from Football World form to Cricket World cup events. I did not mention these events in my assignments but I try to find similarities of managing these projects. Although there are not much difference between the methods used in these events but there are certain requirements that are required for a particular projects. I am working(a) as a manager in a retain chain and I observe these methods of project in my work indirectly. I am very much interested in project manager in my future and I found these approaches useful for the implications of my job role. I understand from this faculty that as a project manager how can I initiate, plane, control, monitor and close my projects.Before this module, I was not aware of the role of project manager. I was taking this job as a normal person job that just purchases material and give it to employees and just look around. But after understanding this module and its different aspects, I come to the point that projec t management is an important field in every aspects of human life from inside a subsisting house to an international consignment. The interest in this role to me is the different stages those are involved in this field.As a project manager the changes that I will make in my approach areDocuments all the activitiesWork Break down into small chunks(12) Case Study of baking a loaf of scribble to support Critical path analysishttp//tutor2u.net/business/production/critical-path-analysis.htm(13)http//www.netmba.com/operations/project/cpm/Manage each stage separatelyCommunicate my plan with my staff effectivelyEvaluate each activityMonitor each activityControl of the workflowReferencehttp//www.gizmag.com/go/3555/picture/7485/http//www.projectsmart.co.uk/pmbok.htmlhttp//burj-khalifa.eu/featured/tall-orderhttp//www.brighthub.com/office/project-management/articles/2645.aspxhttp//pmbook.ce.cmu.edu/10_Fundamental_Scheduling_Procedures.htmlhttp//dijest.com/tools/pmworkbench/pmtemplates/pmoredo cs/pmprocess.htmhttp//theconstructor.org/structures/burj-khalifa-dubai-opening-ceremony/1003/http//www.netmba.com/operations/project/wbs/Case study about scope-cost-time integrated model with work breakdown structure http//cife.stanford.edu/online.publications/WP115.pdfhttp//www.businessballs.com/project.htmMind Mapping Case Study http//www.matchware.com/en/forms/mindview2%20case%20studies/case_history_form.pdfBaking a Loaf of Bread Case Study http//tutor2u.net/business/production/critical-path-analysis.htmhttp//www.netmba.com/operations/project/cpm/